Table 2.

Description of Interventions. Consistent with the American Association of Diabetes Educators, both DSME evidence-based interventions covered the topics of healthy eating, being active, glucose monitoring, understanding blood glucose and taking medications, problem solving, reducing risks and healthy coping, mitigating complications of diabetes, and goal setting.

	Family DSME	Standard DSME
Materials and Approach	■Significant adaptation using Bernal's eight dimensions of culturally sensitive interventions: persons, metaphors, content, concepts, goals, methods, context, and language [91]. ■Used “talk story” as a conversational, rhythmic, and culturally preferred way of sharing knowledge. ■ Evidence-based DSME curriculum adapted to include: • collective motivational interviewing and collective (family) goal setting • analogies common in Pacific Islander culture and nature in the Pacific Islands (i.e., sea tide and fishing) • culturally-specific concepts and beliefs • culturally-specific nutrition strengths (e.g. fish) and weaknesses (e.g. rice and sweets) and cooking demonstrations • extensive use of anatomical and food models, and hands-on cooking demonstrations	■Used individual motivational interviewing techniques and individual goal setting. ■Food models
Mode of Delivery	■Delivered by a bilingual community health worker with support from a CDE	■Delivered by a CDE with interpretation from a bilingual interpreter
Dosage	■10 h delivered in 75 min sessions over 8 weeks.	■10 h delivered in 100 min sessions over 6 weeks.
Participants	■Primary participants with T2D and their family members	■Primary participants with T2D