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. 2018 Apr 11;5(4):180257. doi: 10.1098/rsos.180257

Table 1.

Studies reporting hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence among the general population (populations at low risk) in Pakistan. Prev, prevalence; CC, case-control; CS, cross-sectional; Conv, convenience; MsRS, multi-stage random sampling, RCS, random cluster sampling; SRS, simple random sampling; SsCS, single-stage cluster sampling; NWFP, North West Frontier Province; NHL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

author (citation) year(s) of data collection province or city study site study design study sampling procedure population sample sizea HCV prevb (%)
Agboatwalla [29] 1990–1991 — community CS Conv healthy children 226 0.4
Kakepoto [30] 1989–1994 Karachi and Hyderabad blood donation camps CS Conv blood donors 16 705 1.2
Luby [31] 1993 Hafizabad community CS RCS general population 309 6.5
Parker [32] — Lahore hospital CS Conv pregnant women 417 6.7
Parker [32] — Lahore hospital CS Conv children 538 1.3
Mujeeb [33] 1996–1997 Karachi medical centre CS Conv blood donors from students' community 612 0.5
Khan [34] 1995 Darsano Channo Karachi general clinic CS Conv outpatients from health clinics 135 44.0
Mujeeb [35] 1997–1998 Karachi medical centre CS Conv replacement blood donors 7047 2.4
Aslam [36] 2000 Lahore community CS Conv general population 488 15.9
Aslam [36] 2000 Gujranwala community CS Conv general population 1922 23.8
Khattak [37] 1996–2000 Rawalpindi community CS Conv healthy blood donors 103 858 4.1
Qureshi [38] 1996–1999 Karachi blood bank in a hospital CS Conv blood donors 401 4.5
Mumtaz [39] 2001–2002 Rawalpindi hospital CS Conv healthy blood donors 563 6.2
Asif [40] 2002–2003 Northern Pakistan blood transfusion unit CS Conv replacement blood donors 3187 5.1
Asif [40] 2002–2003 Northern Pakistan blood transfusion unit CS Conv voluntary blood donors 243 2.5
Khokhar [41] 2001–2002 Islamabad hospital CS Conv pregnant women 503 4.8
Aslam [42] — Lahore community CS Conv general population 523 14.9
Jaffery [43] 2001–2002 Islamabad hospital CC Conv pregnant women 947 3.3
Muhammad [44] 1998–2002 Buner, NWFP hospital CS Conv outpatients 16 400 4.6
Jafri [45] 2003–2004 Karachi community CS Conv healthy children 3533 1.6
Mujeeb [46] 2000 Karachi medical centre CS Conv first time replacement blood donors 7325 3.6
Rifat-uz [47] 2004 Bahawalpur community CS Conv general population 6815 4.4
Ahmad [48] 2004 Faisalabad hospital CS SRS blood donors and general population 300 20.6
Bhatti [49] 2003–2005 Rawalpindi blood transfusion unit CS Conv blood donors 94 177 4.2
Bhatti [49] 2004 Rawalpindi blood transfusion unit CS Conv blood donors 966 3.8
Sultan [50] 1996–2005 Lahore tertiary care centre CS Conv replacement blood donors 41 498 3.7
Abbas [51] — Sukkar community CS SCS general population 873 33.7
Butt [52] 2004–2005 — hospital CS Conv army recruits 5707 1.7
Hakim [53] 2002–2006 Karachi university CS Conv female university students 4000 5.2
Idrees [54] 1999–2007 Punjab community CS Conv general population 6817 15.1
Khattak [55] — Peshawar blood banks in hospitals CS Conv male blood donors 1131 4.1
Mujeeb [56] 2004–2007 Sindh blood bank in a medical centre CS Conv blood donors 5345 7.5
Abbas [57] 2005–2008 — liver clinic CS Conv blood donors 804 14.0
Ali [58] 2003–2005 Multan community CS SRS general population 116 6.7
Bangash [59] 2007 Parachinar and Sadda blood transfusion unit CS Conv blood donors 1300 1.6
Bangash [60] 2007–2008 Parachinar blood bank in a hospital CS Conv blood donors 10 343 0.4
Gul [61] 2006–2007 Abbottabad hospital CS Conv pregnant women 500 8.9
Jalbani [62] — Khairpur Nathan Shah and Shahdadkot community CS Conv general population 406 30.3
Junejo [63] 2007–2008 Hyderabad hospital CS Conv outpatients 931 17.2
Hussain [64] 2008 Karachi blood bank CS Conv blood donors 98 012 6.0
Sami [65] 2005 Karachi medical centre CS Conv pregnant women 5902 1.8
Shaikh [66] 2006–2007 Larkana city general clinic CS Conv general population 450 6.6
Sheikh [67] 2006 Karachi Hospital CS Conv pregnant women 2592 0.7
Abbas [68] — Karachi community CS Conv general population 504 3.2
Ali [69] 2009–2010 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa community CS SRS healthy inhabitants of District Mansehra 400 7.0
Aziz [70] 2007–2008 Sindh community CS Conv general population from peri-urban area 129 3.9
Aziz [70] 2007–2008 Sindh community CS Conv general population from rural area 388 28.6
Hashmi [71] 2006 Islamabad community CS MsRS female inhabitants: 15–50 years old 252 24.6
Hyder [72] 2007–2009 Punjab community CS Conv healthy men: 16–59 years old 58 680 6.9
Jadoon [73] 2008 — blood bank in a hospital CS Conv healthy blood donors 550 8.2
Jadoon [74] — Multan hospital CC Conv blood donors 10 000 4.9
Jamil [75] 2010 Tehsil Oghi community CS Conv general population 648 10.3
Janjua [76] 2005 Karachi community CS SCS general population 1997 23.8
Qureshi [10] 2007–2008 All regions of Pakistan national CS MsRS household survey members 47 043 4.8
Shah [77] 2007–2008 Karachi hospital CS Conv blood donors 32 042 1.6
Taseer [78] 2006–2007 Multan hospital CS Conv pregnant women 500 7.0
Aziz [79] 2005–2009 Karachi hospital CS Conv pregnant women: 18–45 years old 18 000 5.8
Borhany [80] 2007–2009 Karachi specialized clinic CS Conv blood donors 5717 1.9
Iqbal [81] — Gadap Town, Karachi community CS Conv previously unscreened adults: more than 10 years old 600 5.0
Khan [82] 2009 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa blood bank CS Conv voluntary blood donors 7148 1.9
Rauf [83] 2009 NWFP refugee camp CS Conv refugees in Baghicha Dheri camps 590 8.8
Safi [84] 2008–2009 NWFP blood bank in a hospital CS Conv blood donors 62 251 2.6
Saleem [85] 2008 Azad Kashmir hospital CS Conv outpatients 9564 6.4
Yousaf [86] — all regions of Pakistan laboratory CS SRS general population 120 29.2
Ahmed [87] 2007–2009 Balochistan community CS MsRS general population 2000 5.5
Ansari [88] 2010 Karachi specialized clinic CS Conv blood donors 5517 1.9
Attaullah [89] 2008–2011 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa blood bank in a hospital CS Conv blood donors 127 828 2.5
Bhutta [90] 2010 Sargodha hospital CS Conv replacement blood donors 100 12.0
Hafeez-ud [91] 2010 Punjab community CS Conv healthy adult males 14 027 3.1
Ijaz [92] 2011–2012 Lahore hospital CS Conv blood donors 3652 12.4
Khan [93] 2008 Lakki Marwat hospital CS Conv outpatients 1443 4.4
Khan [94] 2009–2012 Peshawar hospital CS Conv blood donors 6513 1.1
Memon [95] 2007–2008 Karachi private security company CS Conv security personnel 457 9.0
Muhammad [96] 2009–2010 Sindh medical centre CC Conv family members of NHL patients (controls) 584 7.7
Nawaz [97] 2011 — hospital CS Conv general population 435 12.2
Waheed [98] 2010 Islamabad hospital CS Conv blood donors 10 145 8.3
Abbas [99] — Balochistan community CS Conv general population 2800 7.0
Butt [100] 2013 Lahore blood bank in a hospital CS Conv male blood donors 833 1.9
Irfan [101] 2004–2010 Karachi hospital CS Conv blood donors 108 598 2.7
Khan [102] 2011 Quetta, Balochistan hospital CS Conv male blood donors 356 20.8
Khan [103] 2010–2011 Karachi community CS SRS household survey members 679 8.0
Qadeer [104] 2007–2012 Punjab community CS Conv blood donors from students’ community 5000 4.1
Rauf [105] 2011 Karachi community CS Conv male garbage scavengers 117 8.5
Seema [106] 2010 Hyderabad Sindh hospital CS Conv pregnant women 3078 4.7
Zaffar [107] — — transfusion unit CS Conv blood donors 246 611 2.9
Ali [108] — Mardan hospitals and clinics CS Conv general population 1419 11.7
Ilyas [109] 2013–2014 Peshawar community CS Conv general population 982 13.4
Moiz [110] 2011–2012 Southern Pakistan hospital CS Conv healthy noncommercial blood donors 42 830 1.7
Parveen [111] 2013 Multan hospital CS Conv potential employees sent for HCV screening 10 666 2.9
Kumari [112] 2012 Karachi hospital CS Conv pregnant women 300 13.3
Niazi [113] 2012–2013 Rawalpindi transfusion unit CS Conv blood donors 56 772 1.8
Sheikh [114] — Gwadar Port disaster management camp CS Conv blood donors in rural areas 300 4.3
Donchuk [115] 2015–2016 Karachi community CS Conv outpatients 4589 27.0
Karim [116] 2015 Mardan hospitals CS Conv blood donors 5318 1.1

aThe table reports only studies whose sample size is greater than or equal to 50 participants. For space considerations, the table shows the overall HCV measure of each study rather than stratifications within population subgroups.

bThe decimal places of the prevalence figures are as reported in the original report, but prevalence figures with more than one decimal place were rounded to one decimal place, with the exception of those below 0.1%.