Table 2.
Ingredients added for the preparation of herbal medicines by the Irula healers.
| S. No. | Botanical name | Other plants added | Other ingredients added |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Trees Acacia catechu |
Alpinia galanga, Cleome monophylla and Cyanotis axillaris (chest pain) | Milk |
| 2 | A. leucophloea | Alangium salviifolium, Cyclea peltata, Dioscorea pentaphylla and Tephrosia purpurea (wound healing and stomach ache) | Coconut oil and honey |
| 3 | A. nilotica | Curcuma aromatica (toothache) | Coconut oil |
| 4 | Aegle marmelos | Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (diabetes) | Coconut oil and honey |
| 5 | Ailanthus excelsa | Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (menstrual problem) | Coconut oil |
| 6 | Alangium salviifolium | Acacia catechu, Terminalia arjuna, T. bellerica and Curculio orchids (chest pain) | Milk and honey |
| 7 | Albizia lebbeck | Anisomeles malabarica, Cleome aspera and Curcuma aromatica (eczema) | Coconut oil |
| 8 | Alstonia venenata | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 9 | Artocarpus heterophyllus | Ficus racemosa, Begonia malabarica, Pedalium murex and Cardiospermum halicacabum (arthritis and skin diseases) | Coconut oil |
| 10 | Azadirachta indica | Ficus racemosa, Alpinia galanga, Phyllanthus emblica and Asystasia gangetica (blood purification) | Milk and honey |
| 11 | Canarium strictum | Allium sativum and Curcuma aromatica (mosquito repellent) | – |
| 12 | Canthium diococcum | Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (dog bite and stomach ache) | Salt |
| 13 | Cassia fistula | Justicia adhatoda, Oxalis corniculata and Hemidesmus indicus (fever) | Milk |
| 14 | Cinnamomum camphora | Helicteres isora, Cleome viscosa and Costus specious (ear ache) | Coconut oil |
| 15 | Commiphora caudata | Ocimum sanctum, Cleome monophylla and Piper nigrum (fever) | Milk/honey |
| 16 | Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. | Curcuma aromatica (skin diseases) | Coconut oil |
| 17 | Dodonaea angustifolia | Cardiospermum halicacabum, C. canasense, Curculio orchids and Cissus quadrangularis (joint pain) | Egg white yoke and coconut oil |
| 18 | Erythrina variegata | Ocimum tenuiflorum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (cough and cold) | Honey |
| 19 | Ficus racemosa | Hemidesmus indicus, Pavetta indica, Vetiveria zizanioides, Curcuma aromatica and Ailanthus excelsa (leucorrhoea) | Milk and honey |
| 20 | Limonia acidissima | Hemidesmus indicus, Pavetta indica, Vetiveria zizanioides, Curcuma aromatica, Cardiospermum canasense and Ailanthus excelsa (leucorrhoea and arthritis) | Milk and honey |
| 21 | Mangifera indica | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 22 | Melia azedarach | Hemidesmus indicus, Terminalia arjuna, T. bellerica, Centella asiatica and Cynodon dactylon (stomach ache) | Milk |
| 23 | M. dubia | Allium sativum, Canarium strictum and Curcuma aromatica (mosquito repellent) | – |
| 24 | Mesua ferrea | Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (dog bite and stomach ache) | Sugar |
| 25 | Phyllanthus emblica | – | Sugar, milk and honey |
| 26 | Pongamia pinnata | Cardiospermum halicacabum and Cardiospermum canasense (rheumatism) | Neem oil |
| 27 | Syzygium cuminii | – | Milk and honey |
| 28 | Tamarindus indica | Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (scorpion bite) | Coconut oil |
| 29 | Terminalia arjuna | Alpinia galanga, Curculio orchids, Cleome monophylla, Terminalia bellerica and Cyanotis axillaris (chest pain) | Coconut oil, sugar and honey |
| 30 | T. bellerica | Alpinia galanga, Curculio orchids, Cleome monophylla, Terminalia bellerica and Cyanotis axillaris (chest pain) | Coconut oil, sugar and honey |
| 31 | T. chebula | Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (dog bite and stomach ache) | Salt |
| 32 | Wrightia tinctoria | Curcuma aromatica (toothache) | – |
| 33 | Ziziphus mauritiana | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 34 | Z. enophylla | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 35 | Shrubs Argemone mexicana |
Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (ulcer and pimples) | Milk and coconut oil |
| 36 | Atalantia monophylla | Adhatoda vasica, Eucalyptus globules and Ocimum basilicum (body pain) | Honey |
| 37 | Begonia malabarica | Cardiospermum halicacabum, C. canasense and Cissus quadrangularis (arthritis and joint pain) | Egg white yoke |
| 38 | Cassia auriculata | – | Milk |
| 39 | Citrus limon | – | Salt and sugar |
| 40 | Clerodendrum inerme | Curcuma aromatica (skin diseases) | Coconut oil |
| 41 | Helicteres isora | Cleome viscosa and Costus specious (ear ache) | Coconut oil |
| 42 | Jatropha gossypifolia | – | Coconut oil |
| 43 | Justicia adhatoda | Syzygium cuminii, Ocimum sanctum, Begonia malabarica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (fever) | – |
| 44 | J. gendarussa | – | Coconut oil |
| 45 | Lantana camara | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 46 | L. wightii | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 47 | Manihot esculenta | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 48 | Pavetta indica | Achyranthes aspera, Enicostemma littorale, Rauvolfia serpentina, R. trtraphylla, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (snake bite) | – |
| 49 | Rauvolfia serpentina | Achyranthes aspera, Enicostemma littorale, Ocimum sanctum, Rauvolfia trtraphylla, Piper nigrum and P. betle (snake bite) | – |
| 50 | R. trtraphylla | Achyranthes aspera, Enicostemma littorale, Rauvolfia serpentina, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (snake bite) | – |
| 51 | Solanum surattense | Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale and Asystasia gangetica (weezing) | Food |
| 52 | Vitex negundo | Cleome viscosa, Cynodon dactylon, Euphorbia hirta, Ocimum sanctum and Piper nigrum (headache and body pain) | Coconut oil |
| 53 | Herbs Abutilon indicum |
Cassia auriculata and Cynodon dactylon (piles) | Castor oil |
| 54 | Acalypha indica | Piper nigrum and P. betle (jaundice) | Milk |
| 55 | Achyranthes aspera | Citrus limon, Vitex negundo, Piper nigrum and P. betle (dog bite and poisonous bite) | – |
| 56 | Acorus calamus | Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (cough) | Honey |
| 57 | Curculio orchids |
Citrus limon, Pseudarthria viscid, Terminalia arjuna and T. bellerica (heart problem) Cardiospermum halicacabum and C. canasense (joint pain) |
– Egg white yoke |
| 58 | Cleome monophylla | Commiphora caudate, Ocimum sanctum and Piper nigrum (fever) | Milk/honey |
| 59 | C. viscosa | Cinnamomum camphora, Helicteres isora and Costus specious (ear ache) | Coconut oil |
| 60 | Coleus aromaticus | Piper nigrum and P. betle (cough and cold) | – |
| 61 | Cymbopogon citratus | Allium sativum and Piper nigrum (diarrhoea) | Sugar/salt |
| 62 | Cynodon dactylon | – | Sugar |
| 63 | Desmodium gangeticum | Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum, Hemidesmus indicus and Ocimum sanctum (fever) Cleome viscose and Cynodon dactylon (headache) | Gingelly oil and Neem oil |
| 64 | Eclipta prostrata | Phyllanthus emblica, Hibiscus rosa-siensis, Cleome viscose and Cynodon dactylon (hair tonic) | Coconut oil |
| 65 | Eleusine coracana | – | Salt |
| 66 | Enicostemma axillare | Achyranthes aspera, Enicostemma littorale, Rauvolfia trtraphylla, Hibiscus rosa-siensis, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (snake bite) | Salt |
| 67 | E. littorale | Achyranthes aspera, Enicostemma axillare, Rauvolfia trtraphylla, Hibiscus rosa-siensis, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (snake bite) | Salt |
| 68 | Evolvulus alsiniodes | – | Sugar |
| 69 | Hemidesmus indicus | Ocimum sanctum and Piper nigrum (fever) | |
| 70 | Hybanthus enneaspermus | – | Milk and honey |
| 71 | Hygrophylla auriculata | – | Honey |
| 72 | Mimosa pudica | Alpinia galanga, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinale (asthma) | Honey |
| 73 | Notonia grandiflora | Helicteres isora, Cleome viscosa and Costus specious (ear ache) | Coconut oil |
| 74 | Ocimum sanctum | Piper nigrum and P. betle (cough and cold) | Honey |
| 75 | O. tenuiflorum | Piper nigrum and P. betle (cough and cold) | Honey |
| 76 | Oxalis corniculata | Hemidesmus indicus, Piper nigrum and P. betle (fever) | Honey |
| 77 | Phyllanthus amarus | Andrographis paniculata, Piper nigrum and Piper betle (jaundice) | Milk |
| 78 | P. reticulatus | Abutilon indicum, Cassia auriculata and Cynodon dactylon (piles) | – |
| 79 | Physalis minima | Piper nigrum and P. betle (gas trouble) | Milk |
| 80 | Plectranthus amboinicus | Piper nigrum and P. betle (cough and cold) | Honey |
| 81 | Plumbago zeylanica | Hemidesmus indicus, Pavetta indica, Vetiveria zizanioides, Hybanthus enneaspermus, Begonia malabarica and Piper nigrum (sterility in women) | Milk/honey |
| 82 | Pseudarthria viscida | Terminalia arjuna, T. bellerica, T. chebula, Curculio orchids, Phyllanthus emblica and Desmodium gangeticum (heart problem and fever) | Coconut oil, Milk/honey |
| 83 | Sansevieria roxburghiana | Helicteres isora, Cleome viscosa and Costus specious (ear ache) | Coconut oil |
| 84 | Sida rhombifolia | Curcuma aromatica, C. neilgherrensis, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale, Wrightia tinctoria and Asparagus racemosus (tumor) | Coconut oil, salt, milk/honey |
| 85 | Spermacoce latifolia | Commelina benghalensis and Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 86 | Tephrosia purpurea | Hemidesmus indicus, Cymbopogon citratus and Zingiber officinale (stomach problem) | Milk/honey |
| 87 | Tridax procumbens | Curcuma aromatica (wound healing) | Coconut oil |
| 88 | Vernonia cinerea | Curcuma aromatica, Cardiospermum halicacabum and C. canasense (paralysis) | Egg white yoke |
| 89 | Vigna radiata | Curcuma aromatica (skin disease) | Coconut oil |
| 90 | Withania somnifera | Syzygium cuminii, Begonia malabarica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (fever) | Milk/honey |
| 91 | Climbers Abrus precatorius |
Asparagus racemosus, Acalypha indica, Citrus limon, Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum, Allium sativum, Cleome viscosa and Costus specious (delivery pain and eye pain) | Milk/honey |
| 92 | Ampelocissus tomentosa | Curcuma aromatica and Citrus limon (antioxidant and skin diseases) | Honey and coconut oil |
| 93 | Antigonon leptopus | Curcuma aromatica, Solena amplexicaulis and Citrus limon (anti-inflammatory) | Coconut oil |
| 94 | Asparagus racemosus | Allium sativum, Citrus limon, Cyperus rotundus and Phyllanthus amarus (urinary problem) | Butter milk/cow milk |
| 95 | Aristolochia bracteolata | Achyranthes aspera, Aristolochia indica, Curcuma aromatica, Zingiber officinale, Wrightia tinctoria, Citrus limon, Vitex negundo, Piper nigrum and P. betle (snake bite, eczema, scabies and ringworm infection) | Coconut oil |
| 96 | Basella rubra | Basella alba, Phyllanthus emblica, Centella asiatica and Ficus racemosa (anaemia and increase WBC) | Honey |
| 97 | Cardiospermum canasense | Cardiospermum halicacabum, C. canasense, Curculio orchids, Cissus quadrangularis and Dodonaea angustifolia (joint pain) | Pungam oil, egg white yoke and coconut oil |
| 98 | Cissus quadrangularis | Allium cepa, A. sativum and Murraya koenigii (indigestion and inducing appetite) | Asafoetida |
| 99 | Coccinia grandis | Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus amarus, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (jaundice) | Milk and honey |
| 100 | Cucurbita moschata | Allium cepa, A. sativum and Murraya koenigii (increase weight) | Gingelly oil |
| 101 | Cuscuta chinensis | Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cissus quadrangularis and Curculio orchids (joint pain) | Egg white yoke and coconut oil |
| 102 | Cyclea peltata | Hemidesmus indicus, Pavetta indica and Vetiveria zizanioides (stomach ache and tonic) | Milk |
| 103 | Dioscorea oppositifolia | Abutilon indicum, Cassia auriculata and Cynodon dactylon (piles) | Castor oil |
| 104 | D. pentaphylla | Hemidesmus indicus, Allium cepa and A. sativum (stomach ache) | Milk and honey |
| 105 | Gloriosa superba | Cynodon dactylon, Justicia adhatoda, Piper nigrum and P. betle (abortion) | Coconut oil and honey |
| 106 | Gymnema sylvestre | – | Milk and honey |
| 107 | Ipomea staphylina | Curcuma aromatica, Cocculus hirsutus, Cuminum cyminum and Madhuca longifolia (cracked feet) | Coconut oil |
| 108 | Mukia maderaspatana | Curcuma aromatica (piles) | Coconut oil |
| 109 | Pergularia daemia | Piper nigrum and Tephrosia purpurea (asthma and gas trouble) | Milk |
| 110 | Piper betle | Coccinia grandis, Cissus quadrangularis, Curcuma aromatica and Piper nigrum (indigestion and skin diseases) | Milk and honey |
| 111 | P. nigrum | Allium cepa, A. sativum, Piper nigrum and P. betle (cold and cough) | Milk and honey |
| 112 | Sarcostemma acidum | Cocculus hirsutus, Cuminum cyminum and Madhuca longifolia (cough and antiinflammatory) | Coconut oil |
| 113 | Solena amplexicaulis | Cuminum cyminum and Madhuca longifolia (antiinflammatory) | Coconut oil |
| 114 | Tylophora indica | Piper nigrum, Withania somnifera, Allium sativum and Tephrosia purpurea (asthma and gas trouble) | Milk |
| 115 | Epiphytes Loranthus flacata |
Curcuma aromatica, Piper nigrum and P. betle (menstrual problem) | Coconut oil |
| 116 | Viscum album | Acacia catechu, Terminalia arjuna, T. bellerica and Curculio orchids (chest pain) | Milk and honey |