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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 7.
Published in final edited form as: Hum Immunol. 2016 May 20;77(8):652–657. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.018

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Increased levels of stimulatory and inflammatory cytokines, and reduced levels of immune inhibitory cytokines in blood plasma of Veterans with PTSD. Plasma levels of cytokines were measured and compared between Veterans with PTSD or control Veterans without PTSD, both groups having similar levels of combat exposure. Significance of the difference between plasma cytokine levels in controls versus Veterans with PTSD were measured by the Mann Whitney U test: ✶ = p < 0.05, ✶✶ = p < 0.01. The effect sizes (Cohen’s d) are as follows: IL-2 = 4.453, IFN-γ = 1.690, IL-6 = 2.605, IL-17 = 2.781, TNF-α = 2.067, IL-4 = 3.400, IL-10 = 1.186.