Increased levels of stimulatory and inflammatory cytokines, and reduced levels of immune inhibitory cytokines in saliva of Veterans with PTSD. Levels of cytokines in saliva were measured and compared between Veterans with PTSD or control Veterans without PTSD, both groups having similar levels of combat exposure. Significance of the difference between plasma cytokine levels in controls versus Veterans with PTSD were measured by the Mann-Whitney U test: ✶ = p < 0.05, ✶✶ = p < 0.01. The effect sizes (Cohen’s d) are as follows: IL-2 = 2.752, IFN-γ = 2.440, IL-6 = 5.927, IL-17 = 3.538, TNF-α = 2.312, IL-4 = 0.941, IL-10 = 4.570.