Fig. 4.

Th1 and inflammatory cytokine levels are greater and inhibitory cytokine levels reduced in PTSD subjects compared to levels in controls, with the differences being more prominent in saliva versus in plasma. The percent difference in cytokine levels in subjects with PTSD over levels in controls were calculated from the means of the cytokine levels for each group of subjects using the following formula: $\left[\frac{\text{PTSD levels}-\text{control levels}}{\text{control levels}}\right]\times 100$ The significance of the difference in levels of each cytokine in subjects with or without PTSD was determined by the Student’s t-test: ✶ = p < 0.05, ✶✶ = p < 0.01.