Figure 6.

Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC) modulate the differentiation of macrophages partly via CD73 and IDO signals. GMSC were pre-treated with α, β-methylene ADP (APCP, 100 µM), or sodium polyoxotungstate 1 (POM1, 100 µM) overnight and washed with complete medium. CD11b⁺ monocytes isolated from bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice and CD11b⁺ cells purified using magnetic isolation (Miltenyi Biotec) (purity: >95%) were added to co-cultured with GMSC with or without l-1-methyltryptophan (1-MT, 500 µM), co-cultured with GMSC, pretreated with POM1 or APCP in the presence of LPS(100 ng/mL) for 48 h, then suspending cells were collected and stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies specific for mouse MHCII and F4/80 followed by analyzing with flow cytometry. (A) Representative dot plots of F4/80⁺ were depicted. (B) Representative dot plots of F4/80⁺MHCII⁺ were depicted. Bar graphs show the mean ± SD, n = 3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; NS, p > 0.05.