Table 12.
Subjects characteristics described for Europeans (Germany and Hungary) and our studied populations.
| Elmenhorst et al. 2015 | Hidvégi et al. 2015 | Díaz et al. (our work) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Characteristics of the sample | ||||||
| Number of subjects | 1445 (females: 715; males: 730) | 4619 (females: 2130; males: 2489) | 1038 (females: 462; males: 576) | |||
| Subjects precedence | Living in Germany (Munich) | Living in Hungary | Living in Argentina (Tandil) | |||
| Age interval | 8–22 years | 3–18 years | 5–21 years | |||
| Recruitment strategy | Prospective (school-based setting) | Prospective (nursery, elementary, and secondary schools) | Prospective (nursery, elementary, and secondary schools) | |||
| Communities | Urban/rural | ------- | Urban/rural | |||
| Inclusion criteria | Absence of known CV; even if treated | Apparently healthy; Caucasian; without medication | Asymptomatic. (1) None had history of CV, pulmonary, or renal disease; (2) normal brachial BP at the time of examination; (3) none were taking medications, (4) all had normal levels of glycaemia, cholesterol, and triglycerides | |||
| Exclusion criteria | Hypertensive BP (<18 years: according to guideline; ≥18 years: 140/90 mmHg); obesity | BMI: 3th–97th percentile; SBP and DBP: 5th–95th percentile | Current and past smokers, diabetic, obese subjects, hypertensive subjects or subjects with averaged high brachial BP levels at the time of the study were excluded | |||
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| ||||||
| (2) Aortic BP levels and waveform measurement | ||||||
| Device | Mobil-O-Graph, I.E.M., Stolberg, Germany | Arteriograph, TensioMed Ltd., Budapest, Hungary | Arteriograph, TensioMed Ltd., Budapest, Hungary | |||
| Measurement conditions | Supine position after at least 5–10 min of rest | Supine position after 2-3 minutes of rest | Supine position after at least 10 min of rest | |||
|
| ||||||
| (3) Characteristics of the subjects | MV | SD | MV | SD | MV | SD |
|
| ||||||
| Female | ||||||
| Age (years) | 13.8 | 2.9 | 10.5 | 4.8 | 15.1 | 3.5 |
| Body height (cm) | 157.0 | 11.6 | 142.7 | 22.4 | 157.1 | 12.2 |
| Body weight (Kg) | 48.8 | 12.5 | 37.8 | 15.6 | 51.5 | 11.2 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 19.5 | 3.2 | 17.4 | 2.5 | 20.6 | 3.0 |
| pSBP (mmHg) | 113.5 | 7.5 | 110.9 | 6.0 | 109.1 | 8.8 |
| pDBP (mmHg) | 66.0 | 6.8 | 64.7 | 3.0 | 63.6 | 7.8 |
| pMBP (mmHg) | 81.8 | 6.2 | 80.2 | 3.9 | 78.9 | 7.3 |
| cSBP (mmHg) | 100.5 | 8.0 | 100.3 | 3.3 | 98.2 | 8.4 |
| Ao-PWV (m/s) | 4.6 | 0.3 | --- | --- | 5.5 | 0.6 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | --- | --- | 82.6 | 7.5 | 72.1 | 11.6 |
| Yugulo-Symphysis distance (cm) | --- | --- | 42.0 | 6.6 | 45.4 | 4.3 |
| cAIx (%) | --- | --- | 11.9 | 4.4 | 12.3 | 8.6 |
| Male | ||||||
| Age (years) | 13.1 | 2.6 | 10.5 | 4.8 | 15.5 | 2.8 |
| Body height (cm) | 158.7 | 15.6 | 146.3 | 25.7 | 167.2 | 13.7 |
| Body weight (Kg) | 49.1 | 15.2 | 40.5 | 18.5 | 61.4 | 14.7 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 19.0 | 3.1 | 17.6 | 2.4 | 21.6 | 3.1 |
| pSBP (mmHg) | 114.5 | 8.3 | 113.3 | 8.4 | 114.0 | 9.6 |
| pDBP (mmHg) | 65.1 | 6.8 | 64.7 | 2.6 | 62.0 | 7.2 |
| pMBP (mmHg) | 81.6 | 6.3 | 81.1 | 4.3 | 79.2 | 7.7 |
| cSBP (mmHg) | 100.8 | 9.7 | 101.2 | 4.8 | 99.4 | 8.4 |
| Ao-PWV (m/s) | 4.7 | 0.4 | 5.5 | 0.6 | ||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | --- | --- | 79.1 | 8.7 | 65.5 | 11.8 |
| Yugulo-Symphysis distance (cm) | --- | --- | 43.9 | 7.6 | 49.1 | 4.9 |
| cAIx (%) | --- | --- | 10.2 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 7.4 |
| All | ||||||
| Age (years) | 13.4 | 2.8 | --- | --- | 15.3 | 3.1 |
| Body height (cm) | ---- | ---- | --- | --- | 162.7 | 14.0 |
| Body weight (Kg) | ---- | ---- | --- | --- | 57.0 | 14.1 |
| pSBP (mmHg) | 114.0 | 7.9 | --- | --- | 111.8 | 9.6 |
| cSBP (mmHg) | 100.7 | 8.9 | --- | --- | 98.9 | 8.4 |
| Ao-PWV (m/s) | 4.7 | 0.3 | --- | --- | 5.5 | 0.6 |
BMI: body mass index. pSBP, pMBP, and pDBP: peripheral (brachial) systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. cAIx: central (aortic) augmentation index. Ao-PWV: aortic pulse wave velocity. CV: cardiovascular. MV: mean value. SD: standard deviation. cSBP: central (aortic) systolic blood pressure, respectively. Data from [18] were directly obtained from average population values published in their manuscript. Data from [17] were obtained from averaging the disaggregated values per year of life (age), for each sex.