Table 2.

Summary of studies on the mechanism of action of mushrooms compounds.

Mushroom	Biological activity	Study	Reference
Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM)	Secretion of IL-8, TNF-α, and NO production by macrophages, inhibition of cancer cell growth, upregulation of expression and secretion of anticancer gene and cytokines IL-23, IL-12, IL-1, MCP-1, G-CSF, and TNF-α, apoptosis, and NK activation	In vitro	[25, 27, 36–40]
	Suppress tumor growth and inhibit angiogenesis, stimulate cytokine and leukocyte growth factors production, amelioration of skewed Th1/Th2 balance	In vivo	[26]
Agaricus bisporus	Induce apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis, stimulate TNF-α production by BMM	In vitro	[27]
Ganoderma lucidum	Cytotoxic to cancer cells, inhibit cancer cell growth, stimulate T cells, upregulate expression and secretion of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFNγ, suppress cell motility and angiogenesis, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis, downregulate cyclins A and B and upregulate p21 and p27, arrest cell cycle	In vitro	[4, 14, 29, 41–44]
Ganoderma tsugae	Inhibit cancer cell growth, downregulate cyclins A and B and upregulate p21 and p27, arrest cell cycle	In vitro	[29]
Grifola frondosa	Activate macrophages, stimulate production of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8, stimulate leukocytes	In vitro	[45–47]
Sparassis crispa	Augment immune system, enhance IL-8 synthesis, activate leukocytes	In vitro	[31]
	Stimulate splenocytes to secrete cytokines	In vivo	[48]
Pleurotus tuber-regium	Stimulate proliferation of NK cells, macrophages, and T cells	In vitro	[32–34]
	Maturation of lymphocytes, NK cells, and macrophages, increase weight and size of spleen	In vivo	[32–34]
Polyporus rhinoceros	Stimulate proliferation of NK cells, macrophages, and T cells	In vitro	[32–34]
Schizophyllum commune	Prolong life of head/neck/cervical cancer patients	Clinical	[30]
Trametes robiniophila	Apoptosis, antiangiogenesis, antimetastasis, drug resistance reversal, activation of immune system	clinical	[35]
	Apoptosis, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and Cell damage	In vitro	[22]
Coriolus versicolor	Invoke secretion of cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TNF	In vitro	[49]
	Improve survival of stomach cancer patients	Clinical	[50]
Coprinus comatus	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation	In vitro	[51]
Pseudallescheria boydii	Stimulate secretion of IL-12 and TNFα	In vivo	[52]
Coprinellus sp.	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation	In vitro	[51]
Lentinula edodes	Stimulate secretion of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TNF, cytotoxic and cytostatic to breast cancer cells, inhibit proliferation cancer cells, inhibit DNA synthesis	In vitro	[49, 53–55]
Flammulina velutipes	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation	In vitro	[51]