Table 1.
Main characteristics of all studies included in the meta-analysis.
| First author & ref. number | Year | Age category | Location | Cases | Available contact history data | Available laboratory data | Available blood culture data | Available misdiagnosis data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu et al. [14] | 2012 | All ages | Beijing | 44 | Yes | NA | NA | Yes |
| Dai et al. [15] | 2013 | All ages | Beijing | 23 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Ge et al. [16] | 2011 | All ages | Beijing | 66 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tong et al. [17] | 2013 | All ages | Beijing | 35 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Guo and Xu [18] | 2013 | All ages | Beijing | 21 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wang et al. [19] | 2015 | All ages | Gansu | 61 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Gao et al. [20] | 2002 | All ages | Gansu | 182 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhang et al. [21] | 2012 | All ages | Henan | 21 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Li et al. [22] | 2016 | All ages | Henan | 905 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhou [23] | 2009 | All ages | Henan | 241 | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Li et al. [24] | 2008 | All ages | Heilongjiang | 165 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Liu and Zhang [25] | 2016 | All ages | Inner Mongolia | 44 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Liu et al. [26] | 2015 | All ages | Heilongjiang | 314 | NA | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Meng et al. [27] | 2015 | All ages | Heilongjiang | 3318 | NA | NA | Yes | NA |
| Gong et al. [28] | 2010 | All ages | Heilongjiang | 1470 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Liu et al. [29] | 2012 | All ages | Heilongjiang | 229 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sun et al. [30] | 2010 | All ages | Jilin | 270 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Wang et al. [31] | 2014 | All ages | Liaoning | 88 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Xie et al. [32] | 2016 | All ages | Inner Mongolia | 166 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sheng and Ma [33] | 2009 | All ages | Inner Mongolia | 829 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sun et al. [34] | 2014 | All ages | Inner Mongolia | 126 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| W. Yang and F. Yang [35] | 2015 | All ages | Inner Mongolia | 228 | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes |
| Duan [36] | 2015 | All ages | Ningxia | 57 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhang and Wang [37] | 2013 | All ages | Ningxia | 128 | Yes | NA | NA | Yes |
| Wang [38] | 2005 | All ages | Shandong | 62 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Wang and Xiong [39] | 2011 | All ages | Shandong | 235 | NA | Yes | NA | Yes |
| Lian et al. [40] | 2015 | All ages | Shandong | 232 | Yes | NA | NA | Yes |
| Gao [41] | 2016 | All ages | Shandong | 94 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Wang et al. [42] | 2014 | All ages | Shandong | 96 | Yes | NA | Yes | Yes |
| Wang [43] | 2010 | All ages | Shanxi | 86 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Feng and Deng [44] | 2016 | All ages | Shanxi | 105 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| An et al. [45] | 2001 | All ages | Shaanxi | 622 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhang et al. [46] | 2016 | All ages | Yunnan | 43 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Guo et al. [47] | 2016 | All ages | Xinjiang | 124 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Pan et al. [48] | 2013 | All ages | Xinjiang | 153 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Zhang and Liu [49] | 2013 | All ages | Xinjiang | 57 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Yang et al. [50] | 2015 | All ages | Xinjiang | 125 | NA | NA | NA | Yes |
| Zhang [51] | 2016 | All ages | Xinjiang | 191 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Ju et al. [52] | 2011 | All ages | Xinjiang | 156 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Gao et al. [53] | 2012 | All ages | Xinjiang | 426 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Wang et al. [54] | 2015 | All ages | Xinjiang | 117 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Wang et al. [55] | 2014 | Children | Hebei | 80 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Zeng et al. [56] | 2014 | Children | Jilin | 23 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wang et al. [57] | 2016 | Children | Xinjiang | 16 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Fan et al. [58] | 2016 | Children | Xinjiang | 24 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Zhang et al. [59] | 2006 | Children | Jilin | 25 | NA | Yes | NA | NA |
| Yu et al. [60] | 2012 | Children | Heilongjiang | 38 | NA | Yes | NA | NA |
| Lu and Liu [61] | 2015 | Children | Inner Mongolia | 17 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Liu et al. [62] | 2016 | Children | Heilongjiang | 94 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Bai and Duan [63] | 2015 | Children | Ningxia | 48 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| He [64] | 2015 | Children | Xinjiang | 19 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Zheng et al. [65] | 2016 | Adults | Guangdong | 12 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Tong et al. [66] | 2008 | Adults | Hebei | 25 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Chen and Dong [67] | 2016 | Adults | Heilongjiang | 60 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Huang [68] | 2016 | Adults | Hunan | 17 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ji et al. [69] | 2006 | Adults | Heilongjiang | 30 | NA | Yes | Yes | NA |
| M. Wang and L. Wang [70] | 2007 | Adults | Jilin | 26 | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes |
| Zhang et al. [71] | 2016 | Adults | Jiangsu | 39 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Guo et al. [72] | 2016 | Adults | Jiangxi | 12 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Zhang [73] | 2011 | Adults | Inner Mongolia | 27 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Yan et al. [74] | 2016 | Adults | Ningxia | 31 | NA | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Li et al. [75] | 2015 | Adults | Shandong | 21 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wu et al. [76] | 2007 | Adults | Shanxi | 28 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |
| Zhang and Li [77] | 2015 | Adults | Shaanxi | 35 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Wang [78] | 2014 | Adults | Tianjin | 17 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Zhou and Yang [79] | 2014 | Adults | Tianjin | 18 | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Xu et al. [80] | 2007 | Adults | Zhejiang | 31 | Yes | NA | NA | NA |
| Chen et al. [81] | 2016 | Adults | Xinjiang | 74 | Yes | Yes | NA | NA |