Table 1.

Specifications of the column and porous media used in this study.

Item	Value
Inner radius of the column, cm	1.3 and 0.7	0.7
Height of the packing, cm	5	2.6
Packing media	Glass beads	45/50 sand
Diameter of porous medium, mm	1.16	0.35
Porosity of packed porous medium	0.38	0.35
Particle density of porous medium, g/cm3	2.20	2.64
Bulk density of packed porous medium, g/cm3	1.41	1.71

Bulk density ρ_b = Total packing mass / Total packing volume