Table 1. Long-term effects of neonatal cigarette smoke exposure on all analyzed parameters in 180 postnatal day offspring.
| Parameters | Group effect | Gender effect | Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gonadal fat mass (g) | Yes (F = 8.76, P = 0.005) | No (F = 2.61, P = 0.114) | No (F = 0.57, P = 0.454) |
| iBAT SNA | Yes (F = 10.14, P = 0.004) | Yes (F = 11.91, P = 0.002) | Yes (F = 4.46, P = 0.047) |
| Lipid droplets (% area) | No (F = 0, P = 0.987) | Yes (F = 9.9, P = 0.005) | No (F = 0.14, P = 0.716) |
| UCP1 content | Yes (F = 12.47, P = 0.001) | No (F = 0.52, P = 0.478) | No (F = 0.14, P = 0.478) |
| β3-AR content | Yes (F = 5.99, P = 0.022) | No (F = 0.75, P = 0.397) | No (F = 0.75, P = 0.397) |
| TRα1 content | Yes (F = 4.91, P = 0.039) | No (F = 0.80, P = 0.381) | No (F = 0.54, P = 0.470) |
| TRβ1 content | Yes (F = 5.19, P = 0.034) | No (F = 1.36, P = 0.258) | No (F = 0.06, P = 0.816) |
| PGC1α content | Yes (F = 7.1, P = 0.013) | No (F = 0.35, P = 0.558) | No (F = 0.35, P = 0.558) |
| CPT1a content | Yes (F = 15.49, P = 0.0006) | No (F = 1.78, P = 0.194) | No (F = 1.78, P = 0.194) |
| Dio2 mRNA expression | No (F = 0, P = 0.980) | No (F = 0, P = 0.961) | No (F = 0.26, P = 0.615) |
| POMC (cell count) | Yes (F = 0, P = 0.984) | Yes (F = 37.12, P<0.0001) | No (F = 1.15, P = 0.317) |
| MC4R level | No (F = 0,61, P = 0.442) | No (F = 1.05, P = 0.316) | No (F = 1.05, P = 0.316) |
| AMPK content | No (F = 0.03, P = 0.863) | Yes (F = 8.22, P = 0.007) | Yes (F = 8.22, P = 0.007) |
| pAMPK content | Yes (F = 4.63, P = 0.041) | Yes (F = 14.97, P = 0.0007) | Yes (F = 14.97, P = 0.0007) |
Total food intake represents the sum of the total food intake between postnatal day 21 and 180. Data are reported as means±SE, n=8/group. Comparisons were done with the control group using ANOVA. iBAT: interscapular brown adipose tissue; SNA: sympathetic nerve activity; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1; β3-AR: beta 3-adrenergic receptor; TRα1 and TRβ1: TH receptors; PGC1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator; CPT1a: carnitine palmitoyltransferase; Dio2: type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase; POMC: proopiomelanocortin; MC4R: melanocortin 4 receptor; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; pAMPK: phosphorylated AMPK.