Table 4. Associations of tryptophan, kynurenines, and neopterin with pancreatic cancer risk in both Shanghai and Singapore cohorts combined (187 cases and 362 controls).
| Serum concentration of biomarker in tertile | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarkera | 1st tertile | 2nd tertile | 3rd tertile | P-trend | |
| Tryptophan | Controls/Cases | 120/66 | 123/63 | 119/58 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.88 (0.56–1.37) | 0.88 (0.56–1.39) | 0.55 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.87 (0.54–1.38) | 0.87 (0.54–1.39) | 0.55 | |
| Kynurenine | Controls/Cases | 120/76 | 123/56 | 119/55 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.70 (0.45–1.1) | 0.71 (0.42–1.19) | 0.16 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.70 (0.45–1.1) | 0.71 (0.42–1.19) | 0.16 | |
| Anthranilic acid | Controls/Cases | 117/47 | 120/77 | 116/59 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 2.01 (1.21–3.33) | 1.53 (0.88–2.67) | 0.16 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 2.01 (1.21–3.33) | 1.53 (0.88–2.67) | 0.16 | |
| KA | Controls/Cases | 120/69 | 123/64 | 119/54 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.61–1.56) | 0.83 (0.51–1.34) | 0.45 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.61–1.56) | 0.83 (0.51–1.35) | 0.46 | |
| HK | Controls/Cases | 119/68 | 118/62 | 116/53 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.58–1.43) | 0.69 (0.42–1.12) | 0.13 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | 0.68 (0.41–1.11) | 0.12 | |
| XA | Controls/Cases | 120/73 | 124/58 | 118/56 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 0.83 (0.53–1.32) | 0.41 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 0.83 (0.52–1.32) | 0.41 | |
| HAA | Controls/Cases | 117/79 | 120/52 | 116/52 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.60 (0.37–0.95) | 0.62 (0.39–1.00) | 0.04 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.60 (0.37–0.95) | 0.62 (0.39–1.01) | 0.04 | |
| KA:HK ratio | Controls/Cases | 117/64 | 120/67 | 116/52 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 1.11 (0.68–1.8) | 0.94 (0.57–1.53) | 0.76 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 1.11 (0.68–1.8) | 0.94 (0.57–1.56) | 0.79 | |
| XA:HK ratio | Controls/Cases | 117/64 | 120/67 | 116/52 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.54 (0.33–0.9) | 0.87 (0.54–1.39) | 0.60 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.54 (0.33–0.9) | 0.87 (0.54–1.4) | 0.61 | |
| HAA:HK ratio | Controls/Cases | 117/77 | 120/58 | 116/48 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.64 (0.4–1.02) | 0.60 (0.37–0.98) | 0.04 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.60 (0.37–0.98) | 0.59 (0.35–0.98) | 0.04 | |
| KTR | Controls/Cases | 120/65 | 123/67 | 119/55 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) | 0.90 (0.53–1.52) | 0.69 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.61–1.59) | 0.90 (0.53–1.52) | 0.68 | |
| Neopterinc | Controls/Cases | 118/76 | 120/50 | 115/57 | |
| OR (95% CI) a | 1.00 (ref) | 0.68 (0.42–1.1) | 0.84 (0.51–1.4) | 0.50 | |
| OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (ref) | 0.68 (0.42–1.1) | 0.84 (0.51–1.4) | 0.49 | |
a Abbreviations: HAA, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; HK, 3-hydroxykynurenine; KA, kynurenic acid; XA, xanthurenic acid.
a Odds ratios were derived from conditional logistic regression models that also included the following covariates: education (no schooling, primary school, secondary school and higher), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5-<23.0, ≥23.0), smoking status (never, former, current), serum cotinine concentrations (nmol/L), alcohol drinking (drinks of alcoholic beverages per week), diabetes status (no, yes), estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2), and study location (Shanghai vs Singapore).
b In addition to covariates described above, the conditional logistic regression models included serum pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (nmol/L).
c Cohort-specific tertiles was used for neopterin due to its different distribution between two cohorts.