Variable	OR (95% CI)	P
Propensity score	0.398 (0.102–1.551)	0.18
Age	1.000(0.996–1.005)	0.96
Gender		0.30
Male	0.953 (0.371–1.044)
Female	1
Race/Ethnicity		0.033
White	1
Black	0.825 (0.703–0.967)	0.018
Hispanic	0.863 (0.718–1.037)	0.12
≥1 comorbidity*		0.32
No	1
Yes	1.052 (0.953–1.162)
Insurance status		<0.001
Insured	1.269 (1.211–1.330)
Uninsured	1
Fracture location		0.06
Cervical	1
Thoracolumbar	1.007 (0.964–1.052)	0.74
Multilevel	1.083 (1.010–1.161)	0.025
Spinal cord injury		<0.001
Yes	11.759(10.785–12.821)
No	1
Injury type		<0.001
Blunt	5.626 (4.407–7.181)
Penetrating	1
Shock†		<0.001
Yes	1.617(1.424–1.837)
No	1
GCS	1.018(1.007–1.030)	0.002
Transferred‡		<0.001
Yes	1.513 (1.455–1.574)
No	1
Hospital teaching status		<0.001
Teaching	1.490 (1.264–1.756)
Nonteaching	1
Hospital nonprofit status		0.31
Nonprofit	1
For-profit	0.891 (0.691–1.150)

OR, adjusted odds ratio representing relative likelihood of having surgery controlling for covariates (see text). Cervical indicates ≥1 cervical fracture; ED, Emergency Department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; Multilevel, ≥ 1 cervical fracture and ≥ 1 thoracolumbar fracture; Thoracolumbar, ≥ 1 thoracolumbar fracture.

^*Comorbidity categorized using the Deyo-Charlson Comorbiclity Index (see text for details).

^†Shock is defined as systolic blood pressure <90mm Hg in the Emergency Department.

^‡“Transferred” indicates patients transferred in from an outside acute care facility.