Fig. 2. Treatment of HK-2 cells with Ex-HG group-derived EVs induced less fibrosis in recipient cells than treatment with HG group-derived EVs.

a EVs from HK-2 cells identified using TEM. b Western blot of CD63 expression of in EVs from 5 × 10⁷ cells. c Total EV protein from the NG group, HG group, exendin-4 group, and Ex-HG group. d–f Co-culture of EVs with recipient cells. EVs from donor cells were labeled with Dil-C18, and recipient cells were labeled with DAPI; red represents Dil-C18, and blue represents nuclear DNA. g, h Relative expression of FN and Col-I in HK-2 cells after incubation with EVs derived from NG, HG, exendin-4, and Ex-HG groups for 48 h. i, j The FN and Col-I expression in HK-2 cells after incubation with EVs derived from NG, HG, exendin-4, and Ex-HG groups for 48 h was analyzed by western blot (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus the NG EV group; ^#P < 0.05 versus the HG EV group)