Table 2.

Mean trainee performance across trials and results of linear regression analysis.

Performance Metrics*	Trial 1	Trial 2	Trial 3	Trial 4	Estimate (95% CI)	P- value*
Operation Specific Metrics
Clamp Times (minutes)	20.5	16.2	14.6	13.8	−2.2 (−2.9, −1.4)	<0.001
Positive Margins (%)**	29%	29%	21%	4%	0.53 (0.29,0.89)	0.024
Proportion Renal Parenchyma Preserved (grams/grams)	0.98	0.97	0.97	0.97	−0.002 (−0.0038, −0.0003)	0.025
NASA Task Load Index (0–100)
Mental Demand	65.5	54.3	54.5	43.7	−6.7 (−8.9, −4.5)	<0.001
Physical Demand	42.4	42.0	39.1	37.4	−1.8 (−4.0, 0.5)	0.130
Temporal Demand	57.5	51.7	47.5	41.4	−5.2 (−7.5, −3.0)	<0.001
Performance (Failure = 100)	45.5	39.2	35.8	31.2	−4.6 (−7.4, −1.9)	<0.001
Hard Work	62.5	55.2	55.0	49.1	−4.0 (−7.2, −0.9)	0.014
Frustration	43.3	42.3	38.3	33.0	−3.5 (−6.4, −0.6)	0.020
GEARS Score (0–5)
Depth Perception	3.33	-	-	4.08	0.8 (0.4, 1.1)	0.001
Bimanual Dexterity	2.96	-	-	3.79	0.8 (0.5, 1.1)	<0.001
Efficiency	3.04	-	-	3.79	0.8 (0.4, 1.1)	<0.001
Force Sensitivity	2.88	-	-	3.50	0.6 (0.2, 1.0)	0.006
Autonomy	3.50	-	-	4.04	0.5 (0.5, 0.8)	<0.001
Robotic Control	2.92	-	-	3.83	0.9 (0.9, 1.2)	<0.001

^*Multilevel multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to test the association of performance metrics against the independent variables, trial number and experience level.

^**Positive margins represent the only binary variable, and the “Estimate” column is the odds ratio from logistic regression in this case.