Table 1.

Overview of the time-dependent effects of intranasal captopril on gliosis and Aβ expression in 5XFAD mice cortical areas.

Captopril dosage	Treatment period	Amyloid burden stained area (% of Saline-treated 5XFAD)	CD11b stained area (% of Saline-treated 5XFAD)
5 mg/kg/day	3.5 weeks	125.48 ± 14.66	67.82 ± 3.61***
5 mg/kg/day	2 month	87.49 ± 3.15*	86.52 ± 2.68**
5 mg/kg/day	7 month	75.08 ± 4.81***	101.02 ± 5.34

5XFAD mice were treated intranasally with either captopril or saline for different times (3.5 weeks, 2 months or 7 months). At the end of the experiment, the mice were anesthetized and cardiac perfusion using cold PBS was performed. Brains were removed and 40 μm-thick sagittal sections were stained for CD11b and Aβ proteins using target-specific antibodies. The averaged sum of the areas stained for CD11b and amyloid burden in the cortex of 5XFAD mice treated with captopril was compared to that one measured in age matched 5XFAD mice treated with saline. The calculated average sums of Aβ- and CD11b-stained cortical areas are represented in the table as mean percentage ± SEM of the stained area in the saline-treated group. One-way ANOVA and a Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test were used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05 vs. saline-treated 5XFAD mice, **p < 0.01 vs. saline-treated 5XFAD mice, ***p < 0.001 vs. saline-treated 5XFAD mice.