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. 2018 May 1;9:949. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00949

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Copyright © 2018 Song, Wu, Wu, Duan, Gao, Zhang, Chong, Garstka, Zhou and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Detection of C5a and C5aR1 in human urinary tract. (A–C) C5a and creatinine concentrations in urine from urinary tract infection (UTI) patients and healthy controls. (A) Urinary C5a concentrations. (B) Urinary creatinine concentrations. (C) Ratios of urinary C5a/creatinine concentration. Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U two-tailed test. **P < 0.01, n.s. no significant. (D) C5aR1 expression in human kidney tissue determined by immunochemical staining. Control: negative control, tissue stained with non-specific mouse IgG2a. Scale bar, 50 µm.