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. 2018 May 1;8:111. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00111

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Copyright © 2018 Cyprian, Al-Farsi, Vranic, Akhtar and Al Moustafa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram summary of the effect of Epstein–Barr virus EBV and high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) co-infection in the initiation and intensification of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) event. EBV onco-proteins, LMP1, LMP2A, and/or EBNA1 can initiate EMT and, therefore, cancer progression; while, co-expressing E5 and/or E6/E7 of high-risk HPV onco-proteins could enhance the progression of EMT leading to a more aggressive metastatic cancer, as previously reported by Al Moustafa et al. (9) and Jiang et al. (95).