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. 2018 May 1;9:576. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00576

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Copyright © 2018 Liu, Gao, Gao, Liu, Zhao and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of nitrogen rate on the chloroplast configuration (×10K) during growth stages. (A–C) Chloroplast configuration of N0 at V6, R1, and R3, respectively. (D–F) Chloroplast configuration of N1 at V6, R1, and R3, respectively. (G–I) Chloroplast configuration of N2 at V6, R1, and R3, respectively. (J–L) Chloroplast configuration of N3 at V6, R1, and R3, respectively. V6: six-leaf stage, R1: silking stage, R3: milk stage. Nitrogen applied to maize are 0 kg N ha^-1 (N0), 129 N ha^-1 (N1), 185 kg N ha^-1 (N2), and 300 kg N ha^-1 (N3). Ch: chloroplast, CM: chloroplast membrane, CW: cell wall, To: tonoplast.