Table 7.

Concurrent and longitudinal predicting effects of parent-child subsystem qualities on Internet addiction.

Model	Predictors	Concurrent predicting effects						Longitudinal predicting effects
		Wave 2 Internet addictiona			Wave 3 Internet addictionb			Wave 2 Internet addictionc			Wave 3 Internet addictionc
		β	t	Cohen's f2	β	t	Cohen's f2	β	t	Cohen's f2	β	T	Cohen's f2
1	Genderd	0.04	1.79∧	0.001	0.05	2.63**	0.003	0.04	1.79∧	0.001	0.05	2.63**	0.003
	FESe	0.01	0.22	0.000	−0.04	−1.78∧	0.001	0.01	0.22	0.000	−0.04	−1.78∧	0.001
	FIf	−0.02	−1.08	0.000	0.02	0.73	0.000	−0.02	−1.08	0.000	0.02	0.73	0.000
	R2 change	0.002			0.004			0.002			0.004
	F change	1.451			3.29*			1.451			3.29*
2	PBC	−0.12	−4.46***	0.008	−0.08	−3.00**	0.003	−0.08	−3.03**	0.003	−0.03	−1.18	0.001
	PPC	0.11	5.17***	0.010	0.15	7.29***	0.020	0.10	4.98***	0.009	0.08	3.67***	0.005
	FCRQ	−0.05	−1.89∧	0.001	−0.04	−1.36	0.001	−0.08	−2.75**	0.003	−0.08	−3.02**	0.003
	R2 change	0.035			0.034			0.029			0.017
	F change	31.23***			30.85***			25.91***			15.04***
3	MBC	−0.01	−0.50	0.000	−0.03	−1.18	0.001	−0.04	−1.56	0.001	−0.04	−1.35	0.001
	MPC	0.12	5.85***	0.013	0.15	6.95***	0.019	0.10	4.77***	0.009	0.06	2.79**	0.003
	MCRQ	−0.13	−4.72***	0.009	−0.06	−2.11*	0.002	−0.09	−3.37**	0.004	−0.08	−2.81**	0.003
	R2 change	0.040			0.032			0.026			0.015
	F change	36.75***			28.89***			23.61***			13.27***
4	PBC	−0.11	−4.08***	0.006	−0.07	−2.53**	0.002	−0.06	−2.21*	0.002	−0.02	−0.51	0.000
	PPC	0.06	2.68**	0.003	0.11	4.53***	0.008	0.07	3.21**	0.004	0.07	2.81**	0.003
	FCRQ	−0.01	−0.41	0.000	−0.02	−0.61	0.000	−0.05	−1.71∧	0.001	−0.06	−2.07*	0.002
	MBC	0.03	1.19	0.001	0.002	0.08	0.000	−0.02	−0.60	0.000	−0.03	−0.90	0.000
	MPC	0.09	3.88***	0.006	0.09	3.94***	0.006	0.06	2.59*	0.003	0.02	1.02	0.000
	MCRQ	−0.11	−4.08***	0.006	−0.05	−1.85∧	0.001	−0.07	−2.48*	0.002	−0.06	−2.04*	0.002
	R2 change	0.054			0.045			0.038			0.022
	F change	24.67***			20.74***			17.12***			9.95***

For models 2–4, social-demographic variables were controlled. FES, Family economic status; FI, Family intactness; PBC, Paternal behavioral control; PPC, Paternal psychological control; FCRQ, Father-child relational quality; MBC, Maternal behavioral control; MPC, Maternal psychological control; MCRQ, Mather-child relational quality.

^aParent-child subsystem qualities measured at Wave 2 were used.

^bParent-child subsystem qualities measured at Wave 3 were used.

^cParent-child subsystem qualities measured at Wave 1 were used.

^dFemale = 1, Male = 1.

^eHaving economic disadvantage = −1, Not having economic disadvantage = 1.

^fNon-intact = −1, Intact = 1.

^∧p < 0.10.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.