Figure 1.
Membrane protein-based biosensors on (a) a lipid-bilayer platform and (b,c) cell-based platforms. On the lipid bilayer platform, the nanopore protein is incorporated in the lipid bilayer. Single analyte molecules are detected based on the signatures of the current trace that translates the interaction between the analytes and the nanopore. On the cell-based platforms, such as those for odorant sensing, cell responses to odorants can be determined by (b) measuring the electrical alterations of the cell using electric signal measuring systems, including ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET), (c) detection of fluorescence or luminescence changes initiated by olfactory stimuli. In this case, utilized cells express G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) or olfactory receptor (OR) with OR co-receptor (Orco). (Online version in colour.)