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. 2018 May 3;9(5):512. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0545-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a–c Mineralization analysis and ALP activity measurements. The mineralization was visualized by Alizarin Red S staining at 21 days. ALP activity was measured at 7 days after osteogenic differentiation using an alkaline phosphatase activity kit. In comparison with HC-MSCs and NS-MM-MSCs, senescent MM-MSC showed significantly reduced osteogenic differentiation potential, which is indicated by the results of mineralization analysis and activated ALP evaluation. d, e The mRNA expressions of RUNX2 and ALP, were notably decreased in senescent MM-MSCs undergoing osteoblastic differentiation at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. f, g The ability of adipogenic differentiation was identified by Oil Red-O staining, and it was increased significantly in HC-MSCs than that in senescent MM-MSCs. h, i The differences of the adipogenic differentiation capability between HC-MSCs and senescent MM-MSCs were also revealed in the expressions of FABP4 and C/EBPa mRNAs.The results are expressed as means ± SD. Compared with HC-MSC, the significance was set as *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01