Table 5. Logistic regression analysis of resistance trends for the gram-positive Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children at Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 2007–2016*.
| Pathogen, resistance type, predictor variable | Univariable analysis |
Multivariable analysis |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR ratio (95% CI) | p value | ||
| S. aureus | |||||
| Methicillin | |||||
| Year of isolation | |||||
| 2007–2008 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 2009–2010 | 0.90 (0.18–4.93) | 0.899 | 1.26 (0.23–7.59) | 0.787 | |
| 2011–2012 | 1.80 (0.47–8.90) | 0.418 | 2.64 (0.62–14.48) | 0.215 | |
| 2013–2014 | 0.59 (0.10–3.42) | 0.538 | 0.66 (0.10–4.19) | 0.649 | |
| 2015–2016 | 1.48 (0.35–7.61) | 0.603 | 1.84 (0.39–10.47) | 0.455 | |
| Patient age† | |||||
| Nonneonate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Neonate | 0.18 (0.01–0.88) | 0.094 | 0.14 (0.01–0.75) | 0.064 | |
| Infection type‡ | |||||
| Community-acquired | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Hospital-acquired |
6.21 (2.16–17.43) |
<0.001 |
|
7.80 (2.51–24.81) |
<0.001 |
| S. pneumoniae§ | |||||
| Penicillin | |||||
| Years of isolation | |||||
| 2007–2008 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 2009–2010 | 0.60 (0.12–2.90) | 0.525 | 0.70 (0.13–3.66) | 0.669 | |
| 2011–2012 | 0.52 (0.11–2.28) | 0.385 | 0.42 (0.08–1.95) | 0.269 | |
| 2013–2014 | 0.72 (0.16–3.12) | 0.663 | 0.77 (0.16–3.57) | 0.737 | |
| 2015–2016 | 1.87 (0.38–8.77) | 0.424 | 1.89 (0.36–9.59) | 0.436 | |
| Patient age, y | |||||
| >5 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| <5 | 3.40 (1.63- 7.39) | 0.001 | 3.87 (1.77–8.83) | <0.001 | |
*OR, odds ratio; ref, referent. †Ages are grouped into neonate (0–28 d) vs. nonneonate (>29 d) or <5 y vs. >5 y, as appropriate for the organism. ‡Isolates were defined as hospital-acquired if taken >48 hours after patient admission. §Analysis included community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates only (n = 160).