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. 2018 Mar 14;28(4):448–461. doi: 10.1038/s41422-018-0024-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — ROS induction and cell death triggered by malate in HeLa cells. a ROS levels revealed by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in HeLa cells with or without malate treatment. Scale bars, 25 μm. b Quantitation of data in a. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) based on 3 independent experiments. The asterisks represent significant difference determined by Student’s t test. **P < 0.01. c Cell death levels revealed by TUNEL staining in HeLa cells with or without malate treatment. Scale bars, 50 μm. d Quantitation of data in c. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) based on three independent experiments. The asterisks represent significant difference determined by Student’s t test. **P < 0.01. e ROS levels revealed by DHE staining in control (siControl) and MDH2 knockdown HeLa cells (siMDH2) with or without malate treatment. Scale bars, 25 μm. f Quantitation of data in e. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) based on three independent experiments, and different letters at top of each column indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05 determined by Tukey’s HSD test. g Cell death levels revealed by TUNEL staining in control (siControl) and MDH2 knockdown HeLa cells (siMDH2) with or without malate treatment. Scale bars, 100 μm. h Quantitation of data in g. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) based on three independent experiments, and different letters at top of each column indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05 determined by Tukey’s HSD test