Cell-Internalization SELEX against prostate cancer cells identifies the E3 aptamer, which minimizes into an aptamer of only 36 nt. (A) Cell-Internalization SELEX scheme for selection of 2′F pyrimidine-modified RNA aptamers that internalize into prostate cancer cells. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of the internalization of different selection rounds into PC-3 prostate cancer cells. RNA pools from rounds 0, 7, and 9 of the PC-3 selection were transcribed with a 3′ 22-nt tail and annealed to an AF647-labeled reverse primer. After incubating the RNA pools with PC-3 cells for 2 h, the solutions were removed and cells washed and treated with RNase before flow analysis. (C) Predicted secondary structure of the minimized 36-nt version of the E3 aptamer, generated by mfold software.