Table I.

Study Characteristics

Study	Country	N	Age	Location	Needle-related procedure	Type of study	Health status of sample	If clinical, condition	Quality score
Blount (1989)	USA	23	5–13	Hospital	BMA/LP	Observational	Clinical	ALL	11
Blount (1990)	USA	22	5–13	Hospital	BMA/LP	Observational	Clinical	ALL	12
Blount (1991)	USA	22	5–13	Hospital	BMA/LP	Observational	Clinical	ALL	12
Blount (1992)	USA	60	3–7	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Experimental	Healthy		14
Blount (1997)	USA	77	4–7	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Observational	Healthy		12
Blount (2001)	USA	60	3–7	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Observational	Healthy		16
Cohen (1997)	USA	92	4–6	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Experimental	Healthy		15
Cohen (2000)	USA	55	4–6	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Observational	Healthy		16
Cohen (2002)	USA	61	3–7	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Experimental	Healthy		16
Cohen (2015)	USA	90	4–6	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Experimental	Healthy		14
Frank (1995)	USA	77	4–7	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Observational	Healthy		15
Gonzalez (1989)	USA	47	1–8	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Experimental	Healthy		15
Gonzalez (1993)	USA	42	3–7	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Experimental	Healthy		15
Manimala (2000)	USA	82	4–6	Primary health care clinic	Immunization	Experimental	Healthy		15
Manne (1992)	USA	43	3–9	Hospital	Venipuncture	Observational	Clinical	Cancer	15
Manne (1994)	USA	35	3–9	Hospital	Venipuncture	Observational	Clinical	Cancer	10
McCarthy (2010)	USA	542	4–10	Hospital	IV insertion	Observational	Healthy		16
Spagrud (2008)	Canada	55	3–18	Hospital	Venipuncture	Observational	Clinical	Cancer	16
Taylor (2011)	Australia	66	3–12	Hospital	Venipuncture	Observational	Clinical	Acute illness	15
Vervoort (2011)	Belgium	44	8–15	Hospital	Finger prick	Observational	Clinical	Type I diabetes	14

Note. BMA/LP = Bone marrow aspiration/lumbar puncture; ALL = Acute lymphocytic leukemia.