Table 4.

Association Between Smoking in Pregnancy and Youth Smoking, Modified by Maternal Childhood Household Alcohol Abuse and Race/Ethnicity^a

		Youth smokers vs. nonsmokers and adult initiators (N = 6596)
		White/other	Black	Hispanic
Household alcohol abuse	Smoking in pregnancy	aRR b (95% CI)	aRR b (95% CI)	aRR b (95% CI)
Yes	Yes	1.72 (1.53, 1.94)***	1.16 (0.89, 1.50)	1.67 (1.41, 1.99)***
	No	1.59 (1.41, 1.78)***	1.11 (0.93, 1.32)	1.17 (0.93, 1.48)
No	Yes	1.69 (1.53, 1.86)***	1.17 (1.02, 1.33)*	1.40 (1.16, 1.69)***
	No	1.35 (1.22, 1.51)***	1.00 (Reference)	1.30 (1.16, 1.46)***

aRR = adjusted risk ratio; CI = confidence interval.

^aWald test p value for interaction = .05.

^bLog-linear regressions adjusted for mothers’ age at childbirth, decade of childbirth, education at birth year, marital status at birth year, employment status at birth year, income at birth year, and children’s birth order.

*p ≤ .05, ***p ≤ .001.