Table S1.
Back-translation, issues, and agreements for each educational needs assessment tool item
| Original | Back-translation 1 (BT1) |
Back-translation 2 (BT2) |
Issues | Agreement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis educational needs assessment tool | Assessment tool for educational needs in patients with arthritis | The tool for assessing needs for education in patients with arthritis related | Chinese language has multiple meanings for the word “arthritis” | 关节炎教育需求评估工具 “Arthritis” is the most adequate translation |
| How long have you had your arthritis for? | How long have you been diagnosed with arthritis? | How long have you suffered from arthritis? | Uncertainty whether word “diagnosed” or “suffer” should be used in the Chinese version | “您因为关节炎病了多久?” The Chinese translation is correct in terms of style |
| Please state your age in years: | Please state your age | Please state your age in years: | Discussion on whether phrase “in years” is needed. | “请陈述您的年龄” The phrase “in years” has been omitted |
| How old were you when you left school? | How old were you when you graduated from school? | How old were you when you graduated from school | Education in the Chinese system does not require age information | “您的学历是” The most appropriate Chinese phrase was chosen |
| At this time, do you want education about anything to help you deal with your arthritis? | Do you want to get information which will help you manage arthritis? | Do you want to help yourself to cope with arthritis by any obtaining education? | Uncertainty how to translate into Chinese “manage” or “cope with” | “您希望获得应对自身关 节炎的信息吗” Chinese translation is correct in terms of style |
| If yes, what? | If yes, what information would you like to get? | If yes, what would you like to know? | Uncertainty how to translate into Chinese “get” or “know” | “如果是，您想知道什么” Chinese version is correct in terms of style |
| In general, how much information do you want about your arthritis? | In general, how much would you like to know about your arthritis? | In general, how much information would you like to get about your arthritis? | Discussion on whether word “information” should be added | “通常，您想了解多少关 于关节炎的知识?” The word “information” was added |
| How much do you need to know now about each of the following things? Please tick in the column that shows best how you feel: |
How much do you need to know now about each of the following issues? Please tick in the column that shows best how you feel: |
How much would you already know about the following issues? Please mark the appropriate column with an “√” |
Discussion concerning the phrase “Please mark the appropriate column with n ‘√’” | “下列问题您想了解多少？请在适当的列表下 打勾” Chinese version is correct in terms of style |
| Using heat or cold on painful joints | Treatment of painful joint by cold or heat | Reduce the pain of joints by cold or heat | Uncertainty how to translate into Chinese “treatment” or “reduce” | “用冷热疗法处理关节疼痛” The most correct Chinese phrase has been chosen |
| This section relates to managing pain | Section on managing pain | Section on dealing with pain | Discussion on whether to choose a more formal way of introducing section of questions | “疼痛管理相关部分” A more formal way of introducing a new section was chosen |
| How important is it for you to know more about the following | How important is it for you to know more about the following issues for you? | How important is it for you would know more about the following issues? | Discussion on a formal way of asking a question | “知道以下更多的信息对 您来说有多重要” A formal way of asking a question has been chosen |
| Using exercise | Physical exercise | Functional exercise | Uncertainty whether “physical” and “functional” can be used synonymic | “运动疗法” The most correct Chinese phrase was chosen |
| The section relates to movement | Section on issues related to movement | Section on issues related to mobility | Discussion on word choice between “movement” and “mobility” | “活动相关部分” The most adequate Chinese version was chosen |
| Ways of doing things which wear my joints less | Methods of reducing wear of joints | Ways of relieving joints | “Wear my joints less” was repeated in the Chinese phrase | “缓解关节磨损的方法” |
| Ways to deal with moods or depression | Ways to alleviate moods or depressive states | Ways to cope with moods or depressive states | Discussion on word choice between “alleviate” and “cope with”. Ambiguous meaning of the term “moods” | “应对负性情绪或抑郁状态的方法” The chosen term “negative emotion” means frequent changes in mood |
| Why I am feeling down or depressed | Why do I feel moody or depressed | Why do I feel disappointed or depressed? | Ambiguous meaning of the phrase “feeling down” | “为什么我会感到情绪低落或沮丧?” The chosen term “moody” relates to feel down |
| What type of arthritis do I have | What type of arthritis do I have | What type of arthritis do I have | Lack of knowledge of arthritis in Chinese patients | “我患有哪种关节炎?” Chinese version is correct in terms of style |
| How might arthritis t affect my children or relatives | What is the effect of the disease on my children and family? | Can the disease affect the lives of my children and family? | Multiple meaning of word “affect” | “关节炎对我的孩子和家人会产生什么影响” The chosen phrase “the effect of” relates to “affect” |
| Ways my arthritis can be treated | Therapies for arthritis | The treatment of arthritis | Uncertain whether to use the word “therapies” or “treatment” in the Chinese version | “关节炎治疗方法” The most adequate Chinese translation was chosen |
| Ways my arthritis is affecting me | Ways arthritis is affecting me | The way of my arthritis is affecting me | Multiple meaning of word “affect” | “关节炎对我造成影响的方式?” The chosen phrase “the effect of” relates to “affect” |
| What might happen in the future | What will happen to me in the future | How will my condition change in the future | The question is open ended | “在未来，我的状态将如何改变” The translation focuses on patient’s condition in the future |
| This section is about treatments you may be receiving from health professionals. | Section on treatments that you can receive from medical professionals. | Section contains treatments that the patient can receive from nurses and other health professionals | Lack of a Chinese equivalent of a term “health professionals” | “你能得到健康护理工作者治疗的部分” The chosen phrase describes the meaning of “health professionals” |
| How operation might help me | Can surgery help me | Can surgery help me | Uncertainty how to translate “operation” into Chinese | “手术能帮助我吗” The most adequate Chinese term was chosen |
| What are the side effects of my medicines | What are the side effects of my drugs | Are there any side effects to the drugs | “药物的副作用是什么” Chinese version is correct in terms of style |
|
| How aid might help me (splints, adaptations, collars) | What aid may help me (orthopedics orthotics, splints, fixators) | What aids can help me (orthopedics orthotics, splints, fixators) | Difficulty with translating term “adaptations” and “collars” | “器具怎么可以帮助我”（骨科矫形器、夹板、固定器） Descriptive phrases “adaptations” and “collars” have been chosen |
| Alternative treatments or herbal remedies | Conservative treatment or Chinese traditional treatment | Conservative treatment or Chinese traditional treatment | Multiple meanings of the phrase “alternative treatments” and “herbal remedies” | “保守治疗或中医疗法” The most adequate Chinese term has been chosen |
| Foods or vitamins that might help | Diet or vitamins that may help | Foods or vitamins which might help | More formal version of question in Chinese should be given | “食物或维生素能带来的帮助” Chinese version is correct in terms of style |
| Exercises I should be doing | Recommended exercises | Recommended exercises | Uncertainty whether the word “recommended” should be used | “推荐的运动” The most adequate Chinese translation was chosen |
| How much exercise should I be doing | Amount of exercise | Amount of exercise | Uncertainty whether the word “amount” should be used | “运动量” The most adequate Chinese term was chosen |
| Times when I should call the doctor or nurse | Times when I should contact a doctor | Situations when I should consult a doctor | Uncertainty whether the word “situations” is adequate, and lack of a Chinese equivalent of the sentence “Registered nursing don’t provide consultative services regarding issues relevant to the practice of nursing for outpatients” | “在什么情况下，我应该看医生?” Chinese translation is correct in terms of style |
| Organizations I can get in touch with about arthritis | Departments which can help patients with arthritis | Departments that can help patients with arthritis | Lack of a Chinese equivalent of a term “Arthritis Organizations”. Uncertainty whether “departments” is the correct translation of the term “organizations” | “哪些部门可以帮助关节炎患者” Chinese phrase describing contacting an organist was chosen |
| Who I can ask for financial help | Who can I ask for financial help | Who can I ask for financial help | Lack of cultural equivalence (it is possible to ask for financial help in case of suffering from arthritis) | “我可以向哪里寻求经济帮助?” Chinese version is correct in terms of style |
| Where I can find groups who will help me to cope with arthritis | Where can I find support groups for arthritis | Where can I find support groups for people with arthritis | Lack of cultural equivalence (it is possible to ask for help outside the health care system) | “我在哪里可以得到病友的帮助?” |
| How I can get the most out of seeing the doctor or nurse | How to make more effective contacts with the doctor or nurse | How can I improve communication with the doctor or nurse to maximize effectiveness | Idiomatic meaning of the “get the most out of” can be translated in various ways in Chinese | “如何提高与医生或护士的交流效果” Chinese version is correct in terms of grammar |
Note: Arthritis Educational Needs Assessment Tool, ©2013, The University of Leeds; All rights reserved.