| Affinity-based assays |
|
| Sandwich ELISA [Zangar et al. (52 )] |
Analytical sensitivity may be limited, requiring several rounds of antibody selection for optimization |
| Bead-based assays [Kim et al. (53)] |
Increased throughput and reduced sample requirements compared with standard ELISA |
| Proximity ligation [Gu et al. (54)] |
Utilizes oligonucleotides attached to affinity reagents as reporter molecules |
| Rolling circle amplification [Xue et al. (55)] |
Utilizes DNA for amplification of signal, may be combined with DNA nanotags |
| Aptamers [Ostroff et al. (32); Ilyas et al. (56))] |
May require several rounds to achieve desired analytical sensitivity and specificity |
| Nanosensors [Gaster et al. (46); Gaster et al. (47)] |
Increased analytical sensitivity compared with standard sandwich ELISA using nanosensor technology |
| Surface plasmon resonance [Vaisocherova et al. (57)] |
Label-free method with similar analytical sensitivity to sandwich ELISA |
| Mass spectrometry–based assays |
|
| MRM [Lemoine et al. (58)] |
Bypasses the need for affinity capture. Analytical sensitivity and specificity may be an issue |
| Immunoaffinity + MRM [Anderson et al. (59)] |
Combines the use of antibody for capture and mass spectrometry for quantification |
