Table 2.
Baseline (1984–1987) characteristics of participants according to the frequency of alcohol intake (n=1343); The Rancho Bernardo Study
| Non-drinkers (n=157) | Infrequent (≤2/mo) (n=309) | Weekly (n=239) | Near-daily (n=638) | P Valuea | P Valueb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | |||
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Women n=728 | 59.2 | 67.0 | 53.6 | 47.0 | ||||||
| Men n=616 | 40.8 | 33.0 | 46.4 | 53.0 | ||||||
| Age in years | 71.8 (6.7) | 72.0 (7.1) | 71.2 (6.6) | 71.6 (6.6) | 0.57 | 0.54 | ||||
| Smoking Status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 61.1 | 50.2 | 35.6 | 28.7 | ||||||
| Past | 29.9 | 40.5 | 56.9 | 53.9 | ||||||
| Current | 8.9 | 9.4 | 7.5 | 17.4 | ||||||
| Exercise (≥3 times/week) | 79.0 | 81.2 | 86.2 | 85.0 | 0.14 | 0.05 | ||||
| Some College | 68.2 | 61.2 | 74.9 | 73.8 | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| Married | 80.9 | 74.4 | 76.2 | 83.9 | 0.002 | 0.01 | ||||
| History of CVD | 22.3 | 17.2 | 18 | 16.3 | 0.35 | 0.16 | ||||
| History of Diabetes | 19.1 | 17.8 | 13.8 | 12.7 | 0.08 | 0.01 | ||||
| History of Liver disease | 7.6 | 10.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 0.47 | 0.33 | ||||
| History of Stroke | 6.4 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 0.23 | 0.05 | ||||
| History of TIA | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.72 | 0.79 | ||||
| History of Cancer | 26.8 | 26.2 | 25.1 | 30.1 | 0.32 | 0.15 | ||||
| History of Hypertension | 40.8 | 40.8 | 30.1 | 41.5 | 0.01 | 0.84 | ||||
| Metabolic Syndrome n=1322 | 21.1 | 19.3 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||
| Depressionc n=1274 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 0.28 | 0.11 | ||||
| Self-perceived healthd | <0.001 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| Better | 66.2 | 77 | 76.9 | 76.8 | ||||||
| Same | 19.7 | 18.1 | 20.6 | 20.5 | ||||||
| Worse | 14.0 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 2.7 | ||||||
| APOE ε4 carrier n=892 | 25.6 | 24.6 | 20.8 | 28.9 | 0.21 | 0.22 | ||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.8 (3.9) | 24.8 (3.8) | 24.8 (3.6) | 24.5 (3.4) | 0.44 | 0.16 | ||||
| Waist-Hip Ratio | 0.84 (0.08) | 0.84 (0.08) | 0.85 (0.09) | 0.86 (0.08) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| SBP (mg/dl) | 143.2 (23.1) | 140.3 (20.9) | 137.6 (19.1) | 140.9 (20.7) | 0.046 | 0.51 | ||||
| DBP (mg/dl) | 75.6 (10.1) | 75.9 (9.3) | 75.6 (8.7) | 77.1 (9.6) | 0.04 | 0.01 | ||||
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 56.6 (16.4) | 58.4 (17.4) | 61.6 (19.7) | 65.6 (19.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 128.7 (36) | 139.6 (37.9) | 137.2 (35.2) | 135.2 (36.6) | 0.02 | 0.001 | ||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 128.4 (80.7) | 127.8 (78.4) | 121.3 (76.2) | 113 (64.5) | 0.009 | 0.001 | ||||
| No. of Comorbidities | 1.9 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.001 | 0.01 | ||||
| No. of Medications | 1.2 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||
| GGT(IU/L)e | 12.0 (11.5) | 13.3 (22.1) | 15.0 (29.8) | 15.6 (21) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| AST (IU/L) | 28.8 (22.2) | 27.5 (14.4) | 26.1 (10.5) | 27.3 (15.7) | 0.40 | 0.37 | ||||
| ALT (IU/L) | 20.3 (14.7) | 19.7 (13.2) | 19.8 (10.9) | 19.8 (12.6) | 0.97 | 0.75 | ||||
| CRP (mg/L)e n=1040 | 3.1 (3.4) | 3.0 (2.8) | 2.7 (2.6) | 2.7 (2.7) | 0.04 | 0.03 | ||||
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APOE, Apolipoprotein E; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CRP, C-Reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischemic attack
P for differences based on ANOVA for continuous data and χ2 or Fisher’s exact test for categorical data
P for trend based on linear regression for continuous data and logistic and multinomial regression for categorical data
Beck Depression Inventory scale ≥ 13
Self-perceived health compared to peers
Log transformed for significance tests