Table 1. Subgroup analyses of relative risk of myocardial infarction associated with consumption of 1-2 cups, 2-3 cups, 3-4 cups, and over 4 cups of coffee per day in comparison with consumption of less than 1 cup per day (reference group), by sex, coffee type, study location, and study design.
Coffee Consumption, cups/day | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1~2 | 2~3 | 3~4 | > 4 | |||||||||
Number of estimates | OR | 95% CI | Number of estimates | OR | 95% CI | Number of estimates | OR | 95% CI | Number of estimates | OR | 95% CI | |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Men | 8 | 1.16 | 0.96, 1.40 | 7 | 1.15 | 0.88, 1.50 | 8 | 1.75 | 1.44, 2.14 | 12 | 2.01 | 1.71, 2.36 |
Women | 4 | 0.94 | 0.78, 1.14 | 6 | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.13 | 2 | 1.07 | 0.68, 1.68 | 6 | 0.91 | 0.67, 1.23 |
Both sexes | 6 | 1.05 | 0.85, 1.31 | 6 | 1.00 | 0.87, 1.16 | 3 | 1.14 | 0.75, 1.74 | 8 | 1.35 | 1.14, 1.61 |
Coffee type | ||||||||||||
Caffeinated | 4 | 0.96 | 0.70, 1.31 | 2 | 1.03 | 0.80, 1.33 | 2 | 1.23 | 0.71, 2.13 | 5 | 1.45 | 0.99, 2.12 |
Decaffeinated | 3 | 1.15 | 0.81, 1.63 | 2 | 1.42 | 0.90, 2.25 | 2 | 1.42 | 0.82, 2.47 | 2 | 1.86 | 1.19, 2.90 |
All types | 11 | 1.07 | 0.95, 1.21 | 11 | 1.03 | 0.86, 1.22 | 9 | 1.49 | 1.07, 2.07 | 14 | 1.46 | 1.13, 1.88 |
Study location | ||||||||||||
Europe | 12 | 1.03 | 0.88, 1.22 | 13 | 1.02 | 0.87, 1.20 | 10 | 1.29 | 0.98, 1.71 | 13 | 1.32 | 1.02, 1.72 |
United States | 5 | 1.15 | 0.96, 1.38 | 1 | 1.13 | 0.89, 1.43 | 3 | 1.68 | 1.29, 2.19 | 7 | 1.80 | 1.33, 2.45 |
Study design | ||||||||||||
Cohort | 6 | 1.05 | 0.81, 1.36 | 4 | 0.87 | 0.72, 1.05 | 5 | 0.96 | 0.74, 1.24 | 10 | 1.19 | 0.91, 1.55 |
Case-control | 12 | 1.08 | 0.95, 1.22 | 11 | 1.14 | 0.98, 1.32 | 8 | 1.68 | 1.41, 1.99 | 11 | 1.79 | 1.45, 2.20 |
NOS score | ||||||||||||
9 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.84, 1.19 | 10 | 1.09 | 0.91, 1.30 | 7 | 1.33 | 0.93, 1.90 | 10 | 1.24 | 0.93, 1.65 |
8 | 2 | 1.52 | 0.75, 3.10 | 0 | - | - | 2 | 1.69 | 0.53, 5.36 | 4 | 1.89 | 1.22, 2.93 |
7 | 6 | 1.14 | 0.98, 1.31 | 5 | 0.98 | 0.80, 1.20 | 4 | 1.54 | 1.23, 1.93 | 7 | 1.71 | 1.32, 2.22 |
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidential interval, NOS = Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.