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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2018 Apr 6;61(6):1315–1324. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4599-x

Table 3.

Nitrogen metabolism pathway metabolite associations with type 2 diabetes risk

Metabolite Type 2 diabetes risk
HR (95% CI) p value
Glycine 0.65 (0.54, 0.78) 2.84×10−6
Taurine 0.73 (0.59, 0.90) 0.003
Phenylalanine 1.35 (1.11, 1.65) 0.002

Data show HR and 95% CI per SD unit of log2-transformed standardised metabolite increase on type 2 diabetes risk

The nitrogen metabolism pathway was enriched for association at the false discovery rate of 5% (p = 0.047). The nitrogen metabolism pathway is composed of 39 metabolite species (detailed in ESM Table 2) and three (glycine, taurine and phenylalanine) were prioritised ten or more times in the training set for type 2 diabetes incidence differentiation. Next, we tested the association between glycine, taurine, phenylalanine and type 2 diabetes risk. Each metabolite represents a separate Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose and TAGs at baseline