Table 1. Baseline characteristics by DPP-4is.
| Sitagliptin (n=167,157) | Vildagliptin (n=67,412) | Saxagliptin (n=29,479) | Linagliptin (n=220,672) | Gemigliptin (n=49,607) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59.1±12.0 | 59.7±12.1 | 59.7±11.9 | 60.2±12.0 | 60.1±11.9 | <0.001 | |
| Men | 97,754 (58.5) | 38,957 (57.8) | 16,835 (57.1) | 124,053 (56.2) | 27,492 (55.4) | <0.001 | |
| Duration of DPP-4i use (years) | 1.0±0.6 | 1.0±0.7 | 1.0±0.6 | 1.1±0.6 | 0.9±0.6 | <0.001 | |
| Use of other glucose-lowering drugs | |||||||
| Metformin | 106,862 (63.9) | 42,231 (62.7) | 18,192 (61.7) | 139,940 (63.4) | 31,573 (63.7) | <0.001 | |
| Sulfonylurea | 93,743 (56.1) | 39,432 (58.5) | 15,080 (51.2) | 131,894 (59.8) | 27,268 (55.0) | <0.001 | |
| Thiazolidinedione | 11,236 (6.7) | 4,729 (7.0) | 2,286 (7.8) | 16,281 (7.4) | 4,554 (9.2) | <0.001 | |
| Insulin | 16,187 (9.7) | 9,027 (13.4) | 2,865 (9.7) | 21,271 (9.6) | 6,132 (12.4) | <0.001 | |
| Use of antiplatelet agents | 10,068 (6.0) | 4,977 (7.4) | 2,737 (9.3) | 13,525 (6.1) | 3,276 (6.6) | <0.001 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 110,088 (65.9) | 44,742 (66.4) | 19,600 (66.5) | 152,464 (69.1) | 32,938 (66.4) | <0.001 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 132,600 (79.3) | 54,321 (80.6) | 24,350 (82.6) | 178,145 (80.7) | 40,150 (80.9) | <0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3,620 (2.2) | 1,803 (2.7) | 792 (2.7) | 4,903 (2.2) | 1,042 (2.1) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 14,673 (8.8) | 7,748 (11.5) | 2,964 (10.1) | 26,797 (12.1) | 5,613 (11.3) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 33,078 (19.8) | 15,417 (22.9) | 6,094 (20.7) | 46,351 (21.0) | 9,452 (19.1) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 26,087 (15.6) | 12,576 (18.7) | 5,184 (17.6) | 37,828 (17.1) | 9,440 (19.0) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 4,275 (2.6) | 2,387 (3.5) | 2,048 (7.0) | 6,230 (2.8) | 1,512 (3.1) | <0.001 | |
| CCI score (unit) | 4.9±2.5 | 5.2±2.6 | 5.1±2.5 | 5.2±2.6 | 5.2±2.5 | <0.001 | |
| Inclusion year | |||||||
| 2013 | 73,308 (43.9) | 31,480 (46.7) | 11,735 (39.8) | 114,368 (51.8) | 18,245 (36.8) | ||
| 2014 | 67,550 (40.4) | 24,339 (36.1) | 12,156 (41.2) | 81,532 (37.0) | 21,610 (43.6) | <0.001 | |
| 2015 | 26,299 (15.7) | 11,593 (17.2) | 5,588 (19.0) | 24,772 (11.2) | 9,752 (19.7) | ||
Data are reported as means±standard deviations or numbers (percentages) unless otherwise stated. CCI = Charlson comorbidity index; DPP-4i = dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.