Table 1.

European Healthcare Fraud and Corruption Network (EHFCN) categories, generic definitions and examples extracted from the EHFCN Waste typology^® [28]

Errors	“Unjustly obtaining a benefit of any nature by unintentionally breaking a rule” Example: unintentionally billing for a service that has not been rendered
Abuses	“Unjustly obtaining a benefit of any nature by knowingly stretching a rule or by taking advantage of an absence of rule” Example: knowingly taking and billing a service without medical indication
Fraud	“Illegally obtaining a benefit of any nature by intentionally breaking a rule”
	Example: intentionally billing for a service that has not been rendered
Corruption	“Illegally obtaining a benefit of any nature by abuse of power with third party involvement” Example: intentionally prescribing an ineffective medication to receive a kickback payment from the pharmaceutical manufacturer