Table 5.
Associations between air pollutants and mortality controlled by meteorological and seasonal influences
| Overall respiratory mortality (including lung cancer) OR (95% CI) |
Respiratory disease deaths OR (95% CI) |
Lung cancer deaths OR (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single-pollutant | Multiple-pollutant | Single-pollutant | Multiple-pollutant | Single-pollutant | Multiple-pollutant | ||
| PM2.5 | Lag 0 | 1.045 (1.011, 1.081) | 1.067 (1.015, 1.122) | 1.028 (0.981, 1.077) | 1.049 (0.978, 1.126) | 1.065 (1.012, 1.12) | 1.087 (1.008, 1.172) |
| Lag 1 | 1.036 (1.001, 1.072) | 1.021 (0.97, 1.074) | 1.047 (1.000, 1.099) | 1.054 (0.982, 1.131) | 1.024 (0.973, 1.078) | 0.987 (0.915, 1.064) | |
| Lag 2 | 1.006 (0.972, 1.042) | 1.028 (0.977, 1.082) | 0.994 (0.948, 1.043) | 1.045 (0.974, 1.121) | 1.021 (0.970, 1.075) | 1.011 (0.936, 1.092) | |
| Lag 01 | 1.047 (1.005, 1.090) | 1.046 (0.989, 1.105) | 1.027 (0.970, 1.088) | 1.046 (0.968, 1.13) | 1.068 (1.005, 1.136) | 1.046 (0.963, 1.137) | |
| Lag 02 | 1.028 (0.982, 1.076) | 1.033 (0.974, 1.097) | 1.002 (0.940, 1.068) | 1.037 (0.954, 1.126) | 1.056 (0.987, 1.131) | 1.029 (0.942, 1.125) | |
| PM10 | Lag 0 | 1.048 (1.007, 1.092) | 1.027 (0.970, 1.086) | 1.073 (1.009, 1.140) | |||
| Lag 1 | 1.027 (0.986, 1.070) | 1.04 (0.982, 1.101) | 1.014 (0.954, 1.078) | ||||
| Lag 2 | 1.001 (0.960, 1.043) | 0.993 (0.937, 1.051) | 1.011 (0.950, 1.076) | ||||
| Lag 01 | 1.051 (1.000, 1.104) | 1.03 (0.961, 1.104) | 1.073 (0.997, 1.156) | ||||
| Lag 02 | 1.037 (0.981, 1.097) | 1.016 (0.940, 1.099) | 1.06 (0.977, 1.151) | ||||
| SO2 | Lag 0 | 1.033 (0.995, 1.073) | 1.02 1(0.965, 1.079) | 1.027 (0.975, 1.082) | 1.042 (0.963, 1.127) | 1.039 (0.983, 1.099) | 0.998 (0.919, 1.085) |
| Lag 1 | 1.052 (1.013, 1.093) | 1.06 (1.002, 1.122) | 1.052 (0.998, 1.109) | 1.061 (0.980, 1.147) | 1.052 (0.994, 1.113) | 1.06 (0.975, 1.153) | |
| Lag 2 | 1.002 (0.964, 1.041) | 1.015 (0.959, 1.074) | 0.982 (0.931, 1.035) | 1.012 (0.936, 1.095) | 1.025 (0.968, 1.085) | 1.018 (0.936, 1.107) | |
| Lag 01 | 1.059 (1.011, 1.109) | 1.070 (1.005, 1.141) | 1.052 (0.994, 1.113) | 1.079 (0.987, 1.179) | 1.081 (1.009, 1.158) | 1.062 (0.967, 1.167) | |
| Lag 02 | 1.051 (0.996, 1.109) | 1.084 (1.01, 1.164) | 1.025 (0.968, 1.085) | 1.102 (0.998, 1.216) | 1.081 (0.998, 1.171) | 1.066 (0.959, 1.185) | |
| NO2 | Lag 0 | 1.017 (0.963, 1.075) | 0.926 (0.851, 1.008) | 0.991 (0.918, 1.070) | 0.900 (0.800, 1.013) | 1.047 (0.964, 1.138) | 0.955 (0.841, 1.083) |
| Lag 1 | 1.035 (0.979, 1.094) | 0.953 (0.875, 1.038) | 1.022 (0.946, 1.103) | 0.908 (0.807, 1.022) | 1.050 (0.966, 1.140) | 1.005 (0.885, 1.140) | |
| Lag 2 | 0.975 (0.922, 1.032) | 0.931 (0.854, 1.015) | 0.931 (0.861, 1.006) | 0.874 (0.776, 0.985) | 1.028 (0.946, 1.118) | 0.998 (0.877, 1.135) | |
| Lag 01 | 1.019 (0.951, 1.092) | 0.912 (0.827, 1.006) | 0.968 (0.879, 1.065) | 0.860 (0.749, 0.987) | 1.079 (0.973, 1.196) | 0.972 (0.839, 1.126) | |
| Lag 02 | 0.987 (0.911, 1.069) | 0.888 (0.793, 0.994) | 0.907 (0.812, 1.014) | 0.802 (0.685, 0.938) | 1.081 (0.96, 1.218) | 0.991 (0.837, 1.173) | |
| CO | Lag 0 | 1.019 (1.003, 1.037) | 1.02 (0.997, 1.044) | 1.018 (0.994, 1.044) | |||
| Lag 1 | 1.021 (1.004, 1.038) | 1.038 (1.013, 1.063) | 1.005 (0.981, 1.03) | ||||
| Lag 2 | 1.001 (0.985, 1.018) | 0.995 (0.973, 1.018) | 1.008 (0.983, 1.034) | ||||
| Lag 01 | 1.028 (0.998, 1.058) | 1.028 (0.987, 1.071) | 1.027 (0.984, 1.072) | ||||
| Lag 02 | 1.004 (0.966, 1.043) | 0.987 (0.935, 1.041) | 1.023 (0.965, 1.084) | ||||
| O3 | Lag 0 | 1.032 (0.980, 1.087) | 1.049 (0.976, 1.128) | 1.013 (0.937, 1.095) | |||
| Lag 1 | 1.000 (0.949, 1.054) | 1.027 (0.955, 1.104) | 0.971 (0.897, 1.051) | ||||
| Lag 2 | 1.029 (0.976, 1.085) | 1.065 (0.989, 1.146) | 0.991 (0.916, 1.073) | ||||
| Lag 01 | 1.029 (0.970, 1.092) | 1.060 (0.976, 1.152) | 0.996 (0.911, 1.089) | ||||
| Lag 02 | 1.046 (0.979, 1.118) | 1.092 (0.996, 1.197) | 0.998 (0.904, 1.103) | ||||
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, PM2.5 particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter, PM10 particulate matter < 10 μm in diameter
Italic ORs are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Measurement for every 10 μg/m3 increment of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3 and 1 mg/m3 increment of CO