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. 2018 May 2;9:934. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00934

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Copyright © 2018 Dhakal, Renu, Ghimire, Shaan Lakshmanappa, Hogshead, Feliciano-Ruiz, Lu, HogenEsch, Krakowka, Lee and Renukaradhya.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Antibody response after chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs)-KAg prime-boost vaccination at day post-vaccination 35/day post-challenge 0 (DPV 35/DPC 0) in pigs. Mucosal secretory IgA antibody response in nasal swab, systemic IgG antibody, and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers in serum samples against (A,D,G) H1N2-OH10, (B,E,H) H1N1-OH7, and (C,F,I) H3N2-OH4 influenza A virus (IAVs). Data represent the mean value of three to five pigs ± SEM. Statistical analysis was carried out using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test. Asterisk refers to statistical significant difference between the indicated two pig groups (*p < 0.05). In antibody dilution curves (A–F), A, B, and C refer to significant difference between unvaccinated vs KAg vaccinates, unvaccinated vs CNPs-KAg vaccinates, and KAg vs CNPs-KAg vaccinates, respectively, at the indicated dilution.