Figure 2.

Spermine (SPM) pretreatment reduces innate immune and inflammatory responses in thioacetamide (TAA)-treated livers. Mice were subjected to SPM pretreatment and TAA administration as described in Section “Materials and Methods.” Inflammatory gene expression was measured in liver tissue by quantitative RT-PCR [(A), n = 6/group]. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA [(B), n = 6/group]. F4/80⁺ macrophages, CD11b⁺ macrophages, and Ly6G⁺ neutrophils infiltration in liver was detected by immunohistochemical staining [(C), n = 6/group]. Quantification of F4/80⁺ macrophages, CD11b⁺ macrophages, and Ly6G⁺ neutrophils per high power field (original magnification 20×). Representative of six mice/group (D) (*p < 0.05).