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. 2018 May 8;8:7110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25569-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DCA and CDCA, but not UDCA and any conjugated bile acids, are toxic at high dose. Cell number following 24 hours treatment with (a) CDCA and conjugates; (b) DCA and conjugates; (c) UDCA and TUDCA at 30–300 μM (n = 5, *p < 0.05). Average intensity of TMRM following 24 hours treatment with (d) CDCA and conjugates; (e) DCA and conjugates; (f) UDCA and TUDCA at 30–300 μM (n = 5, *p < 0.05).