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. 2018 May 8;8:7249. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25397-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metformin treatment of HFD animals improves hepatic insulin signaling. The figure present activatory (Tyr632, Panel A) and inhibitory (Ser270, Panel B) phosphorylation state of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1); Panel C presents a ratio phosphorylation state of Akt at Ser473 and panel D shows a FoxO1 phosphorylation state at Ser256; The impact of HFD and metformin treatment on protein content of PEPCK1 is presented in Panel E. Values are mean +/− SD. Symbols denote statistical significance of p < 0.05 versus: a- vs. Control group; *- vs. HFD group. n = 8 per group; Significance by Anova with Tukey HSD post-hoc test.