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. 2018 May 8;8:7227. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25515-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plasma exosomes from HIV-positive subjects induce gene expression changes indicative of immunomodulatory effects and immune activation in THP-1 monocytic cells. THP-1 cells were treated with 20 μg PKH26-labeled plasma exosomes for 72 hrs (left panel). THP-1 cells were treated with immunoaffinity purified-plasma exosomes (20 μg) from 4 HIV-positive and 4 HIV-negative subjects for 72 hrs (lanes 3 to 10) or with IFN-γ (100 IU/ml) or LPS (0.5 μg/ml) for 24 hrs (lanes 11 and 12). Gene expression was measured using the Nanostring nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. Heatmap shows unsupervised hierarchical clustering of expression changes in 49 genes associated with interferon response, cytokines/chemokines, immune activation, innate immune response, and inflammation following treatment with exosomes relative to controls (lanes 1 and 2). Treatment of THP-1 cells with HIV-positive and HIV-negative plasma exosomes induced gene expression changes partially overlapping those induced by IFN-γ and LPS. Representative of 2 independent experiments.