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. 2018 May 8;8:7238. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25500-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Signaling pathways involved in the actions of the 18 herbs against colorectal cancer. (A) Major predicted targets (could be targeted by more than 10 ingredients) were listed according to the scores from high to low. (B) Protein-protein interaction of all the candidate protein targets. The map node size gets larger with increased degree and the map color gets bright from green to red with increased degree. This figure was drew using cytoscape with the protein-protein interactions getting from STRING^48,49. (C) The 18 herbs might exhibit anti-colorectal cancer activity mainly via 1) inhibition of the proliferative activity of ErbB2, PPARγ, and RXR, 2) suppression of angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGFR and VEGFA expression, 3) inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway directly through Src and Akt, and 4) reduction of TNF-induced inflammation.