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. 2018 May 8;8:7297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25453-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Microglial TNF-α is induced by Aβ42 independently of BDNF. pMG were treated with Aβ42 (0.5 μM) for 5 h. Co-localization of TNF-α with Iba1 or GFAP in mxG cells was determined by triple immunostaining followed by image cytofluorometric analysis of the percentage of immunopositive cells (A) and mean fluorescence intensity of TNF-α (MFI; B). BF = brightfield. Western blot analysis of TNF-α in pMG treated with BDNF (1 ng/ml for 24 h) or with Aβ42 (0.5 μM for 5 h) alone or in combination GNF (100 nM; C). Western blot analysis of SYP in SH-SY5Y cells treated with Aβ42 (0.5 μM for 5 h) alone or in combination with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) and BDNF (1 ng/ml) (D). Blots were cropped to display specific bands. Original blots are reported in Supplementary Fig. 3. Values are mean ± SEM with n = 3–5. *p < 0.05 vs. untreated control by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test for significance.