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. 2018 May 8;8:7250. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25472-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Cu 2p, (b) O 1 s core levels and (c) Cu_LMM Auger peak of Cu NPs after different O₂ treatments using gas entry point −2. (d) Diagram of the formation and coexistence of the Cu species with ϕ_O2. TEM images of (e) Cu⁰, (f) Cu₂O and (g) CuO nanoparticles. Scale bar: 5 nm.