Table 1.

Overview of published reports about γ-H2AX foci formation after CT scans

Publication	Type of study	Number of patients	Radiation effect of CT	Dose-enhancing effect of contrast material (CM)	Foci count	Toxicity of CM itself
Löbrich et al., 2005; [18]	In vitro & in vivo	Adult patients: n = 23	Yes		Manual
Rothkamm et al., 2007; [55]	in vitro & in vivo	Adult patients: n = 13	Yes		Manual
Jost et al., 2009; [28]	In vitro		Yes	No (within diagnostic dose range)	Automatic
Grudzenski et al., 2009; [25]	In vitro & in vivo	Adult patients; contrast-enhanced CT: n = 18; unenhanced CT: n = 19	Yes	Yes (in vitro: 33 mg/ml blood; in vivo: 27–49 g/patients)	Manual	No
Kuefner et al., 2010; [56]	In vivo	Adult patients: n = 36	Yes		Manual
Kuefner et al., 2010; [33]	In vivo	Adult patients: n = 34	Yes		Manual
Pathe et al., 2011; [21]	In vitro & in vivo	Contrast-enhanced CT: n = 15; unenhanced CT: n = 15	Yes	Yes (37–44.4 g/patient)	Manual	No
Geisel et al., 2012; [57]	In vivo	Adult patients: n = 56	Yes		Automatic
Beels et al., 2012; [19]	In vitro & in vivo	Adult patients: n = 69 (contrast-enhanced CT)	Yes	No (in vitro)	Manual	No
May et al., 2012; [58]	In vivo	Adult patients: n = 33	Yes (18F-Fdg PET/CT)		Manual
Brand et al., 2012; [59]	In vivo	Adult patients: n = 66	Yes		Manual
Kuefner et al., 2013; [23]	In vitro & in vivo	Adult patients: n = 7	Yes		Manual
Halm et al., 2014; [34]	In vivo	Pediatric patients: n = 3	Yes		Manual
Piechowiak et al., 2015; [26]	In vivo	Contrast-enhanced CT: n = 179; unenhanced CT: n = 66	Yes	Yes (18.651 g/patient)	Manual
Nguyen et al., 2015; [60]	In vivo	Adult patients: n = 67 (cardiac CT angiography)	Yes		Flow cytometry & manual
Vandevoorde et al., 2015; [17]	In vitro & in vivo	Pediatric patients: n = 51	Yes		Manual
Fukumoto et al., 2017; [20]	In vitro & in vivo	Adult patients: n = 45	Yes		Automatic
Wang et al., 2017; [27]	In vivo	Adult patients; contrast-enhanced CT: n = 48; unenhanced CT: n = 22	Yes	Yes (33.3 g/patient)	Manual	Yes