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. 2017 Sep 21;3(4):366–371. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.003

Table 3.

Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) content and ileal histomorphology of piglets fed chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), probiotic and a combination of COS and probiotic.

Item Treatments1
NC PC COS PRO CPRO SEM P-value
PUN, mmol/L
0 h 1.92 1.58 1.10 1.77 1.30 0.33 0.526
24 h 2.97 2.23 3.22 2.38 3.23 0.46 0.530
48 h 2.87 2.02 2.62 2.37 2.55 0.46 0.821
VH, μm 283.8 359.7 320.3 310.3 301.0 17.72 0.099
CD, μm 262.5 206.7 260.0 254.0 247.5 17.22 0.253
VH:CD 1.07b 1.76a 1.28b 1.24b 1.25b 0.09 0.001

VH = villus height; CD = crypt depth; VH:CD = villus: crypt ratio; SEM = standard error of the mean.

a,b Values within a row with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

1

NC = negative control; PC = positive control, NC + 2.5 g chlortetracycline/kg feed; COS = NC + 400 mg COS/kg feed (inclusion rate of COS was determined based on manufacturer's recommendations and previous studies such as Xu et al., 2013, Xu et al., 2014, Xiao et al., 2014); PRO = NC + 100 mg Enterococcus faecalis CG1.0007 probiotic (1.0 × 1010 cfu/g microcapsules)/kg feed (inclusion rate of probiotic was determined based on manufacturer's recommendations and previous studies such as Han et al., 2013); CPRO = NC + 400 mg COS/kg feed and 100 mg Enterococcus faecalis CG1.0007 probiotic (microcapsules)/kg feed.