Table 4.
Results from linear regression mixed effects (LMER) models of crude and adjusted associations between maternal, household, and neighborhood indicators of SES and diet quality index and LINE-1 DNA methylation
| Socioeconomic status indicators | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p value | aβ (95% CI) | p value | aβ (95% CI) | p value | |
| Household income | ||||||
| 1st quartile ($37–$225) | 0.05 (−0.59, 0.70) | 0.88 | 0.08 (−0.59, 0.75) | 0.82 | −0.18 (−0.87, 0.52) | 0.62 |
| 2nd quartile ($281–$375) | 0.46 (− 0.13, 1.04) | 0.12 | 0.60 (− 0.01, 1.21) | 0.05 | 0.18 (− 0.48, 0.83) | 0.60 |
| 3rd quartile ($438–$563) | 0.14 (−0.52, 0.80) | 0.68 | 0.20 (−0.46, 0.86) | 0.56 | −0.07 (− 0.75, 0.60) | 0.84 |
| 4th quartile ($583–$1750) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Household poverty income ratio | ||||||
| 1st quartile (0.13–0.65) | 0.07 (−0.49, 0.63) | 0.80 | 0.12 (−0.45, 0.69) | 0.68 | −0.18 (− 0.78, 0.41) | 0.54 |
| 2nd quartile (0.71–0.98) | 0.08 (− 0.12, 1.01) | 0.09 | 0.53 (− 0.03, 1.08) | 0.07 | 0.15 (− 0.45, 0.75) | 0.62 |
| 3rd quartile (1.01–1.21) | 0.45 (− 0.42, 0.82) | 0.56 | 0.21 (− 0.43, 0.85) | 0.52 | − 0.13 (− 0.78, 0.53) | 0.71 |
| 4th quartile (1.30–2.40) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| < = 6th grade | 0.04 (−0.46, 0.53) | 0.89 | −0.09 (− 0.65, 0.47) | 0.75 | − 0.03 (− 0.60, 0.54) | 0.92 |
| 7–12th grade | 0.39 (− 0.12, 0.90) | 0.13 | 0.33 (− 0.20, 0.86) | 0.22 | 0.35 (− 0.18, 0.89) | 0.20 |
| > =Highschool | Reference | Reference | ||||
| % Households below poverty (CT) | ||||||
| 1st quartile (2.8–18.2) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2nd quartile (19.0–22.3) | 0.26 (−0.27, 0.80) | 0.34 | 0.24 (−0.31, 0.78) | 0.39 | 0.31 (−0.26, 0.85) | 0.30 |
| 3rd quartile (23.5–27.5) | − 0.01 (− 0.49, 0.47) | 0.97 | −0.11 (− 0.61, 0.39) | 0.68 | −0.04 (− 0.47, 0.54) | 0.89 |
| 4th quartile (27.7–34.2) | 1.03 (0.33, 1.73) | 0.004 | 0.78 (0.06, 1.50) | 0.03 | 0.88 (0.14, 1.64) | 0.02 |
| Median household income (CT) | ||||||
| 1st quartile ($24,896–$31910) | −0.05 (− 0.53, 0.43) | 0.84 | − 0.03 (− 0.58, 0.53) | 0.93 | −0.02 (− 0.58, 0.53) | 0.94 |
| 2nd quartile ($31,989–$34593) | −0.26 (− 0.84, 0.32) | 0.39 | −0.40 (− 0.93, 0.13) | 0.14 | −0.48 (−1.01, 0.05) | 0.08 |
| 3rd quartile ($34,848–$40856) | 0.02 (−0.61, 0.57) | 0.94 | −0.12 (− 0.66, 0.42) | 0.66 | − 0.01 (− 0.55, 0.53) | 0.98 |
| 4th quartile ($41,354–$77272) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| % No highschool education (CT) | ||||||
| 1st quartile (13.7–50.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2nd quartile (51.4–71.4) | 0.16 (−0.38, 0.70) | 0.55 | 0.07 (−0.49, 0.63) | 0.81 | 0.08 (−0.48, 0.64) | 0.77 |
| 3rd quartile (72.5–75.3) | −0.33 (− 0.84, 0.19) | 0.21 | −0.30 (− 0.84, 0.24) | 0.28 | −0.33(− 0.87, 0.22) | 0.24 |
| 4th Quartile (78.7–87.0) | −0.02 (− 0.50, 0.54) | 0.94 | −0.10 (− 0.66, 0.46) | 0.72 | 0.04 (− 0.53, 0.60) | 0.90 |
| Diet quality index | 0.020 (−0.008, 0.032) | 0.24 | 0.13 (−0.06, 0.32)d | 0.19 | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.27)d | 0.44 |
aModel 1: random effect for position and individual only
bModel 2: random effect for position and individual, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, diet quality during pregnancy, years living in the USA for the mother, and prenatal MBzP exposure
cModel 3: random effect for position and individual, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, diet quality during pregnancy, years living in the USA for the mother, prenatal MBzP exposure, and cell estimate proportions
dNeighborhood poverty included as a covariate due to evidence of confounding by neighborhood poverty. Diet quality index was Z standardized so that continuous variables were on similar scales