Figure 1. . The design of dual-specific T-cell therapy.

(A) T cells are engineered to express two TCRs, with each specific to a distinct target (tumor antigen A and B). The tumor cells expressing either antigen A or B will be eliminated by T cells to avoid immune escape. (B) T cells are modified to express two TCRs with different antigen specificities and can only be activated by the presence of both antigens. This approach ensures that T-cell activation only occurs on tumor cells with minimal effect on healthy cells. (C) T cells are generated to respond to a TAA and a bacteria antigen. An intramural bacterial infection will help expand and activate these T cells in TME.

TAA: Tumor-associated antigen; TCR: T-cell receptor; TME: Tumor microenvironment.