Table 3.
Baseline predictors of number of home visits from health visitor by 6 months post partum for women in usual care arm
| Three or fewer visits (n=155) |
Four or more visits (n=312) |
Overall n=467) |
Univariate association | |||
| N | Median (IQR) or % | N | Median (IQR) or % | Median (IQR) or N (%) | ||
| Age in years | 17.9 (17.1–18.7) | 17.8 (16.9–18.9) | 17.8 (16.9–18.8) | 0.721 | ||
| Ethnic background | 0.070 | |||||
| White | 130 | 83.9 | 276 | 88.5 | 406 (86.9) | |
| Mixed | 5 | 3.2 | 18 | 5.9 | 23 (4.9) | |
| Asian | 3 | 1.9 | 4 | 1.3 | 7 (1.5) | |
| Black | 15 | 9.7 | 13 | 4.2 | 28 (6.0) | |
| Other | 2 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 3 (0.6) | |
| Relationship status | 0.433 | |||||
| Married | 4 | 2.6 | 3 | 1.0 | 7 (1.5) | |
| Separated | 13 | 8.4 | 34 | 10.9 | 47 (10.1) | |
| Closely involved/boyfriend | 120 | 77.4 | 244 | 78.2 | 364 (77.9) | |
| Just friends | 18 | 11.6 | 31 | 9.9 | 49 (10.5) | |
| Live with father of baby | 0.512 | |||||
| Yes | 42 | 27.1 | 71 | 22.8 | 113 (24.2) | |
| No | 108 | 69.7 | 212 | 67.9 | 320 (68.5) | |
| Not answered | 5 | 3.2 | 29 | 9.3 | 34 (7.3) | |
| Subjective social status: | ||||||
| Family | 155 | 5.8 (5.0–7.0) | 309 | 5.8 (5.0–7.0) | 5.8 (5.0–7.0) | 0.896 |
| Personal | 154 | 6.8 (5.0–8.0) | 311 | 7.1 (6.0–8.0) | 6.7 (6.0–8.0) | 0.007 |
| NEET* | 138 | 266 | 0.210 | |||
| Yes | 45 | 32.6 | 105 | 39.5 | 150 (37.1) | |
| No | 93 | 67.4 | 161 | 60.5 | 254 (62.9) | |
| Receive any benefits | 154 | 311 | 0.776 | |||
| Yes | 48 | 31.0 | 101 | 32.4 | 149 (31.9) | |
| No | 106 | 68.4 | 210 | 67.3 | 316 (67.7) | |
| Not answered | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.3 | 2 (0.4) | |
| Ever been homeless | 0.023 | |||||
| Yes | 19 | 12.3 | 65 | 20.8 | 84 (18.0) | |
| No | 136 | 87.9 | 247 | 79.2 | 383 (82.0) | |
| Deprivation (IMDS)† | 154 | 40.4 (24.8–54.3) | 308 | 38.0 (24.8–51.4) | 38.8 (24.8–51.7) | 0.175 |
| Health utility | 0.374 | |||||
| Perfect health | 104 | 67.1 | 195 | 62.5 | 299 (64.0) | |
| Less than perfect health | 51 | 32.9 | 115 | 36.9 | 166 (35.5) | |
| Not answered | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.6 | 2 (0.4) | |
| Self-rated health | 0.227 | |||||
| Excellent | 24 | 15.5 | 58 | 18.6 | 82 (17.6) | |
| Good | 113 | 72.9 | 200 | 64.1 | 313 (67.0) | |
| Fair | 17 | 11.0 | 48 | 15.4 | 65 (13.9) | |
| Poor | 1 | 0.6 | 6 | 1.9 | 7 (1.5) | |
| Limiting chronic illness: | 0.144 | |||||
| Yes | 24 | 15.5 | 66 | 21.2 | 90 (19.3) | |
| No | 131 | 84.5 | 246 | 78.8 | 377 (80.7) | |
| Self-efficacy‡ | 151 | 29.7 (27.0–32.5) | 308 | 29.9 (28.0–32.0) | 29.8 (27.0–32.0) | 0.604 |
| Adaptive functioning§ | ||||||
| Difficulty in at least one basic skill | 0.674 | |||||
| Yes | 36 | 23.2 | 78 | 25.0 | 114 (24.4) | |
| No | 119 | 76.8 | 234 | 75.0 | 353 (75.6) | |
| Three or fewer key life skills | 0.822 | |||||
| Yes | 39 | 25.2 | 81 | 26.0 | 120 (25.7) | |
| No | 116 | 74.8 | 229 | 73.4 | 345 (73.9) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.6 | 2 (0.4) | |
| At least one burden†† | 0.080 | |||||
| Yes | 55 | 35.5 | 87 | 27.9 | 142 (30.4) | |
| No | 98 | 63.2 | 224 | 71.8 | 322 (69.0) | |
| Missing | 2 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 3 (0.6) | |
| Alcohol/drug use¶ | 147 | 1.2 (0.0–2.0) | 296 | 1.3 (0.0–2.0) | 1.3 (0.0–2.0) | 0.212 |
| Antisocial behaviour | 154 | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 310 | 2.3 (1.0–4.0) | 2.2 (1.0–3.0) | 0.088 |
| Social support | 155 | 85.7 (77.0–98.7) | 310 | 85.8 (79.0–98.7) | 85.8 (77.6–98.7) | 0.491 |
| Relationship quality | 130 | 28.5 (26.0–32.0) | 255 | 28.2 (26.0–32.0) | 28.3 (26.0–32.0) | 0.433 |
| Family resources | 150 | 13.5 (11.0–16.0) | 296 | 13.5 (11.0–16.0) | 13.5 (11.0–16.0) | 0.884 |
| Psychological distress/mental health | 155 | 20.3 (15.0–25.0) | 311 | 21.8 (17.0–26.0) | 21.3 (16.0–26.0) | 0.025 |
| Trial site | 0.003** | |||||
| 1 | 1 | 0.6 | 10 | 3.2 | 11 (2.4) | |
| 2 | 5 | 3.2 | 8 | 2.6 | 13 (2.8) | |
| 3 | 14 | 9.0 | 15 | 4.8 | 29 (6.2) | |
| 4 | 2 | 1.3 | 7 | 2.2 | 9 (1.9) | |
| 5 | 8 | 5.2 | 10 | 3.2 | 18 (3.9) | |
| 6 | 6 | 3.9 | 7 | 2.2 | 13 (2.8) | |
| 7 | 7 | 4.5 | 7 | 2.2 | 14 (3.0) | |
| 8 | 12 | 7.7 | 19 | 6.1 | 31 (6.6) | |
| 9 | 13 | 8.4 | 26 | 8.3 | 39 (8.4) | |
| 10 | 5 | 3.2 | 17 | 5.4 | 22 (4.7) | |
| 11 | 7 | 4.5 | 30 | 9.6 | 37 (7.9) | |
| 12 | 17 | 11.0 | 16 | 5.1 | 33 (7.1) | |
| 13 | 7 | 4.5 | 35 | 11.2 | 42 (9.0) | |
| 14 | 5 | 3.2 | 3 | 1.0 | 8 (1.7) | |
| 15 | 11 | 7.1 | 26 | 8.3 | 37 (7.9) | |
| 16 | 19 | 12.3 | 19 | 6.1 | 38 (8.1) | |
| 17 | 8 | 5.2 | 30 | 9.6 | 38 (8.1) | |
| 18 | 8 | 5.2 | 27 | 8.7 | 35 (7.5) | |
Bold indicates variable remained significantly associated with number of visits in logistic model.
*Applicable only to those whose academic age is >16 years at baseline interview.
†Higher IMDS indicated more deprivation.
‡Higher score indicates higher level of self-efficacy.
§Higher score indicates better management of day-to-day lives and routines (for each of the three subscales).
¶CRAFFT screening test11 for substance-related risks and problems in adolescents.
**Not modelled in regression analysis due to high number of levels.
††The three original scale items comprised having to care for someone with long-term illness or alcohol/drug problem, feeling that they had in/sufficient privacy, living with people who respondents wished were not around.
IMDS, Index of Multiple Deprivation Score; NEET, not in education, employment or training.