Table 3.
Multivariable, Multilevel Linear Regression of the Change in the Area-Level Proportion of Moderately or Highly Compliant Points-of-Sale From Wave 1 to Wave 2 (2012 vs. 2013) Overall and Stratified by City Size, Adjusting for City- and Area-Level Random Intercepts
| Model 1 overall ( N = 210) | Model 2 rural towns ( n = 62) | Model 3 small cities a ( n = 50) | Model 4 mid-sized cities a ( n = 48) | Model 5 large cities a ( n = 50) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β ( SE ) | P | β ( SE ) | P b | β ( SE ) | P b | β ( SE ) | P b | β ( SE ) | P | |
| Wave 2 vs. Wave 1 | −0.03 (0.04) | .529 | −0.16 (0.08) | .039 | 0.25 (0.08) | .001 | −0.20 (0.08) | .018 | 0.03 (0.07) | .679 |
| City size a | ||||||||||
| Rural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Small cities | −0.003 (0.07) | .968 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mid-sized cities | −0.05 (0.07) | .483 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Large cities | 0.0001 (0.07) | .998 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Region | ||||||||||
| North | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| West | −0.05 (0.09) | .554 | 0.27 (0.14) | .064 | −0.19 (0.14) | .157 | −0.07 (0.13) | .614 | −0.15 (0.12) | .207 |
| South | −0.08 (0.07) | .291 | 0.31 (0.13) | .014 | −0.26 (0.12) | .029 | −0.18 (0.11) | .120 | −0.19 (0.10) | .063 |
| East | −0.02 (0.08) | .778 | 0.44 (0.13) | .001 | −0.31 (0.14) | .025 | −0.19 (0.13) | .143 | −0.15 (0.12) | .186 |
β = beta coefficient; SE = standard error.
a Small cities (fewer than half a million inhabitants), mid-sized cities (half a million to 1.9 million inhabitants), large cities (at least 2 million inhabitants).
b Bold typeface indicates P < .05.